Saturday, August 31, 2019

Ethics of Business or Ethics for Business? Two Models for Teaching Business Ethics Essay

Business management Introduction                   The art of managing a business, means coordinating the various efforts of the staff with the aim of accomplishing goals and the set objectives with the aid of available resources effectively and efficiently. Business management generally comprise of organization, planning, leading, staffing, and controlling organization activities to achieve the prospected goal. Many organizations are viewed as systems. It therefore dictates that management is a human action, which includes designing, facilitating the production of important outcomes from the system. This then present a picture people being able to manage themselves is a prerequisite in trying to manage other people (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010).                   Theoretically, business management includes manipulating of human capital in an enterprise to enhance the business success. An enterprise must therefore include humans, positive communication, and endeavors that are positive (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010). Other factors such as psychological motivational tools, plans, goals, measurements, and economic measures at times can or cannot be important components of business management. Critical business functions                   In the current tumultuous business world economy, enterprises must adjust to fit.. It is necessary for the business to be aggressive in finding means of remaining competitive in the current economy of the world. One of the critical things to do is to restructure its functionality mode (Sen, 2008). Many times some of the enterprises that try this are faced with failure due to existence of stumbling blocks. Therefore, it is worth for the business to come up with well structured plan to go through these radical changes. The best way of doing this is by fully including their staff prior to and after making a decision that impacts change in the operation of the business (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010).                   Companies that are willing to understand some of inextricable that might occur within the time of preparing the workers to welcome the new changes and the effective and efficient new initiatives implementation, then, are likely to notice that their efforts make an extra mile. Through careful planning and top leaders’ support will help the workforce to adjust to the changes- therefore the business will hence remain at its competitive edge (Sen, 2008). Individuals and systems integration for effectiveness in an organization                   In the dynamic technological advancement, any business corporations need to be in line with the ever changing business operation systems. Aggressively, all the individuals are supposed to accept the role played by these systems. The most crucial system is that of passing information, all the workers are deemed to be aware with any new implementation at any particular point. Communication keeps the business running, internally; the workforce will be flexible if and only if, the information passed is clear. Externally; information coming will enhance the enterprise to be aware of the competition level of their competitors and then adjust appropriately. Effective integrations will subdue the full utilizations of the employee’s abilities (Sen, 2008) The ethical and social responsibilities bestowed on a business                   In terms of ethical issues the business is faced with great challenge of remaining a loft with its initial target of servicing their prospected customers. Some of the ethical issues are quality service and quality productions. Any business that has been in the market for long and their service and goods have gained a brand, should not start lowering the quality and quantity of service and goods production. They also need to run their business in relation to the demand of the general public and the requirement the state (Kwarci, 2012).                   Socially, businesses have the responsibility of playing a great partnership with the state and the general public at large. They need to be part and parcel of the major operations of the society in such a way that take part of society development. Environmental protection is also their great responsibility in ensuring its prosperity. In regard to the state, business need to be aware of the need to pay taxes in advance to avoid being in conflict with the state (Kwarci, 2012). The aspects of business management                   The following will be some of the very crucial aspects that any business manager ought to be equipped with to facilitate the process of business management. Human resources, is one of the most crucial aspects of any business. It involves looking after the well being of your staff, it is the staff that determines your way as business. Another aspect is that of marketing, sales and promotion. Once the products and services have been produced, it is the responsibility of the sales marketing department. A well strategized plan from this department will see the business go up in the total sales (Ananthan, Appannaiah, & Reddy, 2010).                   These aspects are very crucial because they really give out the clear picture of the business from within and outside business environment. In conclusion, they help the enterprise to furnish their business outlook before the eyes of the customer and very importantly to those of their competitors. References Ananthan, B. R., Appannaiah, H. R., & Reddy, P. N. (2010). Business management (Rev. Ed.) Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House. KwarciÅ„ski, T. (2012). Ethics of Business or Ethics for Business? Two Models for Teaching Business Ethics. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 3(116), 42-49. Sen, M. (2008). Business management. Jaipur, India: Oxford Book Co Source document

Friday, August 30, 2019

Classes in the Kite Runner Essay

â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. † This is the start of the tension between the two distinct social classes on pages 40-43 within the novel, The Kite Runner. The author’s purpose for placing this scene within the novel is to show the relationship held between the Hazara Tribe, and the Pashtun tribe, within Afghanistan. The scene in the book allows the reader to begin to understand the tension between the tribes, which fuels the story. Due to the research I completed on the tribes within Afghanistan, I can sharpen my knowledge and interpret the scene in the novel better. While researching, I discovered that the Hazaras have Mongol Characteristics. As a result of this, I was able to understand the scene better, when Assef called Hassan a â€Å"Flat-Nose. † The reason that Assef Called Hassan this, was to poke fun at his Mongol Characteristics, such as having a flat nose. In the same manner, Assef states, â€Å"how can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you? † Through my research, I was able to learn that it was rare for Pashtuns to play with Hazaras. Hazaras are of a much lower class than Pashtuns, and are treated poorly. Within the scene, there are three apparent literary terms—parallel, imagery and diction. Parallel is used when â€Å"Hasan [holds] the slinghshot pointed directly at Assef’s face. † Hassan uses his slingshot in this scene, to fight Assef, and Hassan’s son uses a slingshot to hurt Assef towards the end of the book. Additionally, the author uses imagery, to show the intense tension between the boys. When Hassan pulls the slingshot, â€Å"his hand [trembles] with the strain of the pulled elastic band and beads of sweat [erupt] on his brow. † This imagery allows you to realize the amount of stress, and tension Hassan must undergo. Finally, the author uses diction, when he describes the actions of the characters, including when he states, â€Å"he made a sweeping, grandiose gesture with his hands. † The diction such as sweeping, and grandiose, allows the reader to fully understand what Assef is trying to convey. There are two main ideas within the scene; they are the ideas of Assef hating Amir and Hassan, and Hassan protecting Amir. Based on the key idea of Hassan protecting Amir, the theme of love appears. Amir uses his slingshot, and does everything that he can to protect Amir, display his love towards him.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Carbon Tax Conclusion

My final argument will be based on the effectiveness of this tax: The tax will have no significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. It has been claimed that an Australian carbon tax will have no significant impact on the level of greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere. This claim has been made on two bases. Firstly that it is unlikely to succeed in significantly reducing Australian greenhouse gas emissions and secondly, that even if these emissions were to stop completely this would have no useful effect on world greenhouse gas emission rates. Critics of a carbon tax for Australia argue that it will damage our economy without reducing climate change. The independent think tank, the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) has stated that the proposed tax, although burdensome and damaging is not sufficiently large to force reinvestment in different forms of power generation. In a media released issued on March 2, 2011 and published in The Age, the IPA stated, The price itself, while severely harming the carbon-intensive, coal-based generators, would not force their premature departure from supply, which would be necessary to leave a gap for new gas generators. The IPA Review in September 2008 included the following response to Kevin Rudds proposed emissions trading scheme, Australia contributes 1. 1 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. Our contribution is dwarfed by big emitters like the United States which contributes nearly 21 per cent, China which contributes 17 per cent, and Russia which contributes just over 5 per cent. All in all, there is no positive outcome for this tax, yes it is true that it reduces greenhouse gases, but things cannot always be solved with money. If we, as the Australian people want to make our environment cleaner, we should not just pay up to the government to clean our environment, we live in it, so we must put in some effort to prevent this ongoing issue. Thank you.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Marketing Research assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Research 2 - Assignment Example The benefit of this test is that it is cheaper to implement compared to other standard market tests. The effectiveness of the test will be measured by the number of additional customers that are attracted by the free buffet offer. These can be considered as the dependent variables DV), and their number will indicate the success rate of the market test. It will also indicate the number of return clients, who can be associated with the offer of the free breakfast snack. 2. Design a test of a new pricing strategy for orange juice concentrate. The brand is an established brand, and we are only interested in testing the effect of a 5 percent price increase and a 5 percent price decrease. All other elements of the marketing mix will remain the same. This can be achieved through a standard market test. It is good to select specific outlets within the company’s distribution channels. The best way is to implement 5 per cent price increase in at least 10 major outlets, and implement a 5 per cent price decrease in a similar number of outlets. The selected outlets should be scattered adequately to represent the national market outlook. The selected outlets represent the Independent Variables. The best timeline that can give a clear response should be about 20 days. The performances of the selected outlets should be used to determine market response. Therefore, any increase or decrease in the number of customers represents the dependent variables (DV). This should then be compared to the performance of the other outlets that were not involved in the study within the same time

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Guidelines for Risk Assessment Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Guidelines for Risk Assessment - Research Paper Example The result will be the ability to proceed into a business that can expand and overcome dangers of the business without accruing loss in the company. Since Cisco is a security based company for technology, most of the tangible risks are based on the ability to match security threats that occur through technological components. Security vulnerabilities that come from those that are attacking online portals are some of the strongest risks that are incorporated into the company. IT organizations and technological components are both at a risk because of specific technology architectures as well as the main way in which the hardware and software performs. This ranges by the method of attack that occurs on the system, usually which includes new and improved methods that can overcome older attacks while causing damage to the company’s technological components. This is furthered by day zero threats, which include changes in technology that enhance the attacks on technology without responses that can be completed by corporations (Bharania, 2010). The security vulnerabilities through technological attacks are not the only tangible problem within the corporation. There are also other problems that lie within the internal environment of the company, specifically through employee mistakes and unknown factors. Working in the IT industry is also dependent on innovations and new components that can be added into systems for implementation. AS this is done, it increases the amount of risk in the market. Even though there are end to end strategies, meaning that employees have to move through several levels before completing a product, there are still problems that may reach end users. The security, development and innovations that are completed will then have fewer demands and will cause the company to move into a lower rating with offering new securities. Since Cisco is known as a service provider

Monday, August 26, 2019

Business Proposal for a new international SME Assignment

Business Proposal for a new international SME - Assignment Example The competitive advantages and disadvantages of the proposed business are also highlighted. In the subsequent section, operation of the proposed business is provided along with recommendations. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Analysis of the International Business Opportunity 9 Operation of the Proposed Business 15 Conclusion 18 Recommendations 19 References 23 Bibliography 28 Introduction Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have started to play significant role in global trade. Statistics gathered by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and other sources have indicated that SMEs have at present account for substantial part of exports from industrialized nations throughout the world (Knight, 2001). According to the statistics of OECD (1997), SMEs account for around 25% - 35% of the global manufactured exports and around 4% - 6% of the exports of OECD countries. These statistics have indeed established facts and support the internationaliza tion activities of SMEs. In recent times, ever increasing contribution of technological advancements and continuous easing out of regulatory advances have led to easier flow of transport, goods/services, information as well as finance in and around national borders. These factors have made SMEs a major contributor towards growth in the global economy (Fletcher, 2004). Recent growth of globalization has resulted in subsequent increase in the internationalization of SMEs. Along with globalization, advancement in transportation and increase in computerization have contributed towards the SMEs looking beyond their own country for business growth and opportunity (Suh & Et. Al., 2008). International Entrepreneurship In the growth and development of business, an SME and their management need to interrelate their expansion venture keeping in view the crucial aspects related to international entrepreneurship. International entrepreneurship assumes that becoming entrepreneurial and acting ent repreneurially is a dual process. This process generally gets integrated in practice. SMEs before looking towards international expansion generally looks towards building market, financial as well as entrepreneurial resources in their own country of origin. Later, they look to build on their existing capabilities by venturing towards global domain (Fletcher, 2004). The study intends to prepare a business proposal for an international SME i.e. Practicus. The SME is situated in the UK. It is primarily a recruitment company which provides value to their esteemed clients by offering their services in various fields related to human resource such as interim management, outcome risk &reward, project & programme management, capability & skills transfer, outcome healthcheck, project media & communications. The organization renders their services related to international change delivery business along with a distinctive approach in order to assist clients with various value added support. Th e organization’s major aim is to deliver as well as embed sustainable change (Practicus, 2011). Practicus, around six years ago, was only seen as an idea. However, through sustained effort it has at present grown to possess four offices in the UK and has opened new offices in Australia and the Netherlands. The firm in the year 2010 was listed at the 13th position by Sunday Times in terms of

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is Essay

Define war or peace. Your argument is that definition. Your thesis is that - Essay Example Some synonyms of the word war meaning relatively the same thing are: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. There are many different kinds of wars. There is a civil war, which is a war between different sections or parties of the same country or nation. There is a holy war, which is a crusade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens in the Holy Land, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, for the possession of the holy places. And there is public war, which is a war between independent sovereign states. But there all war, F. W. Robertson once said, "Men will ever distinguish war from mere bloodshed". In my research paper war, will mean armed conflict, between nations; hostility or struggle. But will also: battle, bloodshed, conflict, contention, contest, enmity, fighting, hostility, police action, strife, strike, struggle, attack, and combat. Because in my dictionary war is war. Organized crime is not relative. It is universally condemned, because most right-thinking individuals realize that such activity is detrimental to the human race as a whole. War on the other hand refuses to be evaluated objectively, because it is an act of violence sanctioned by the state, an amorphous entity claiming to represent the views, beliefs and morality of its citizenry, and that is why war is far more insidious than organized crime. "Crime" is a word that brings to mind acts of selfishness, antisocial acts that disrupt the functioning of society, that cause hurt or suffering. It is always evaluated while bearing in mind fairness, and thus what is unfair is often a crime. Stealing relegates property that rightfully belongs to its owner to someone else. Murder deprives an individual of the right to live. It is this innate moral compass that helps the majority of men to be able to judge what is crime and what is not, and therefore crime appears to us as a cut-and-dried subject, easily defined and identified. What about war Indeed, there are still many men in this modern world who in their great wisdom proclaim that war is an amoral tool, which can be used for good, or for the greatest evil. Genghis Khan, the Great Mongol Conqueror (if conquering through bloodshed accrues greatness) once said, "Let him who desires peace, prepare for war." His enemies all agreed with him on this point, yet perished underneath the unshod hooves of stocky Mongol ponies. Our leaders today tell us that war must be an option made available to the nation-state, lest we should lose our peace. Some primal instinct that makes us uneasy with war must still flow through our veins, for men to have to keep thinking of new, pallid platitudes and aphorisms to justify war. Could it be that this primal instinct is related to the innate moral compass that helps us identify what is criminal Let us look at the similarities between crime and war. The former involves taking property belonging to someone else; the latter involves taking territory belonging to someone else because you believe it rightfully belongs to you. Crime sometimes involves killing; war requires you to kill, to defend your nation. Once again we see the constant need to justify war. It is, in the eyes of

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Assesment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assesment paper - Essay Example They are supposed to uphold the ethics and principles of good governance. In principle, the politicians, being public figures, are supposed to lead exemplary lives, without being influenced by any vested interests. The corporate houses too are required to operate their businesses in such a way that the no harm is done to the society, to the environment and the polity of the nation/s. With the emergence of globalisation, the concepts like 'corporate governance' have emerged for managing the businesses more effectively. Media in general and electronics media in particular, too plays a very important role in telling the people about the values, ideas, opinions and culture of any political party and organisation. Therefore, now there is an exponential increase in the reliance on the broadcast media for political campaigns. This has proved to have a powerful role in making or breaking the chances of any political party. Opinion builders are entrusted with the task of spreading good words about the candidate (often this is termed as planting stories). In addition, candidates take up extensive tours to meet as many people as possible. All such exercises require good amount of money and hence the need for arranging funds. While it is true that businesses are supposed to work within the framework of rules and guidelines formulated by the political bosses, it is now an accepted fact that politics too cannot survive without a 'big' helping hand from businesses. But companies are placed in an unenviable position of being labeled as sympathizer to one particulars party or candidate if they support one at the cost of the other. Just in case the results are different, then there's a threat of retaliation. During earlier times, politicians used to get finances from some big companies, in a hush-hush manner so that their political affiliations are not divulged. This trend continued for quite a while, but gradually started resulted in arm-twisting tactics on the part of both politicians as well as corporate houses. This led to the debate of bringing in more transparency in matters relating to political campaign finances. Such reforms are being supported by political parties as well as business houses. Some bus iness houses are not very happy with the unreasonable demands from some political quarters, while the behavior of some politicians and political parties under the influence of money-power has also brought down the image of governments. There are some differences in the manner and extent of implementation though. Such attempts to regulate campaign finances are being supported by people at large and if theirs is any opposition, it comes from within the political establishment. In USA the common term for such political efforts is campaign finance reform (Chapman, 1999). In US campaign funds are generated by the politicians and the political parties' mainly using four sources (Cantor, 2007); i. Own funds of political leaders, their family and friends ii. By soliciting contributions from individual citizens iii. Using the party funds (which too require to be replenished from time to time) iv. Different interest groups (comprised business etc) generally with the formation of political action committees (PAC) on political, social or economic issues. v. Public funds (available only for some elections like Presidential elections) A first timer to

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Diabetes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diabetes - Article Example Mukesh, B.N., Le, A., Dimitrov, P.N., Ahmed, S., Taylor, H.R., and McCarty, C.A., (2006). Development Of Cataract And Associated Risk Factors: The Visual Impairment Project. Archives of Ophthalmology; 124(1): pp. 79-85. 6. Dielemans, I., de Jong, P.T., Stolk, R., Vingerling, J.R., Grobbee, D.E., and Hofman, A., (1996). Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma, Intraocular Pressure, And Diabetes Mellitus In The General Elderly Population. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology; 103(8): pp.1271-1275. 7. Hennis, A., Wu, S.Y., Nemesure, B., Leske, M.C., and Barbados Eye Studies Group, (2003). Hypertension, Diabetes, And Longitudinal Changes In Intraocular Pressure. Ophthalmology; 110(5): pp. 908-914. 9. Klein, R., Klein, B.E., Moss, S.E., and Meuer, S.M., (2000). The Epidemiology Of Retinal Vein Occlusion: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Transactions Of The American Ophthalmological Society; 98:133-41; discussion 141-3. 11. Wong, T.Y., Larsen, E.K., and Klein, R, et al., (2005). Cardiovascular Risk Factors For Retinal Vein Occlusion And Arteriolar Emboli: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities & Cardiovascular Health Studies. Ophthalmology; 112(4): pp. 540-547.

Friday, August 23, 2019

Storytelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Storytelling - Essay Example In her opinion, bullies are the weak ones since if they need to intimidate smaller, weaker people to feel big then they must feel really small deep inside. One story truly reminds me of how protective my friend is was when she confronted a group of bullies at my high school called the crew. This so called â€Å"crew† was an egotistical group of hormonal boys whose job was to tear people down. These boys thought that they were the cool kids by simply showing their strength. However, school is not a place to be the fashionable, but a place to get an education and one day when these boys started pushing around an invalid boy around the hallway, it was the last straw for her. She immediately confronted the boys and told them to pick on someone their own size. Being a senior at the time, the boys were tongue tied ; they listened to her rebuke their actions. One of the bullies tried to talk down to her, but at the moment a large crowd had gathered behind her and they were all supporting her actions. This quite interesting because several people were fed up with the constant bullying that occurred. Only through Clair’s protectiv e nature was the student fraternity able to fight off bullies in the school. From that day on, Clair took it upon herself to ensure that no one in the school compound is bullied again. The entire student fraternity was extremely grateful for her efforts (Gottschall 1). It is vital to note that Clair is not only protective when it comes to physical abuse, but also tries to protect her friends and family from emotional hurt. Whenever something wrong happens in your life, Clair will be the first person to call you to ensure that you are doing fine. We have all experienced some hardships in our lives and what if there was a way for you to avoid these hardships wouldn’t you be grateful? Of course you would and your solution to such

Thursday, August 22, 2019

The Recruitment And Retention Process And Documentation In A Selected Organisation Essay Example for Free

The Recruitment And Retention Process And Documentation In A Selected Organisation Essay Recruitment Process The recruitment process of any business is when they try to get new people into their work place. This could be done in many ways such as online advertisements, newspaper adverts, radio broadcasts or shop window displays. The recruitment process can be very long or very short depending on the job in hand and taking the wrong person on without looking closely enough can be costly. Businesses invest a lot of money into new employees, also known as training, if they leave after a month then this is a bad investment and the business is at a loss. The Cooperative’s recruitment process The General Recruitment Process The Cooperative’s Recruitment Process Job Analysis is carried out The Cooperative manager looks at his department in hand and analyses all areas for where a job would maybe be appropriate. This could be in the shop front, tills, or behind the scenes with customer services and stock flow. Job description is prepared The job selected by the Cooperative manager is looked into in detail and a description is typed up online and printed out so that they know what exactly is needed for the job. A person specification is prepared The Cooperative manager then looks into detail about what the person who would be doing the job needs to have and types up a specification. These tell the public what would be needed for the role and give them an idea if they are suitable or not. Plans are made for advertising the job The department manager or marketing department would start to plan on how to advertise the job. The Cooperative normally does their job applications online but also have a print out of the application form to hand in in-store. Sometimes they may place them in the local newspaper if their store is located clearly in a local town. Advertisements are placed The Cooperative manager or marketing department will place the adverts out to the areas that they have decided to place them in and await for a response. Applicants are short listed Once the applicants have started applying for the job then the Cooperative human resources department comes into action by reading the CV’s and narrowing the choice down until they have a select few applicants. References are requested The Cooperative human resources will contact the short listed people and request two references to see how if they are reliable or not. Candidates are invited for interviews and selection tests The human resources team gets all the people from the short list with good referrals in for an interview. In the Cooperative’s process they take tests at the same time to give a guide on the job seeker’s personality, intelligence and attitude. Data obtained from interviews is compared to person specification All of the information obtained from questioning in the cooperative interview is taken down and compared to the actual specification of the person to see if they are being truthful. Anyone that doesn’t necessarily match will be dropped from the short list without question for lying on their CV. Successful candidate is offered the job. After a long process of narrowing down all the application forms the human resources team from the Cooperative get in contact with the successful candidate and tell them that they have got the job. They also tell them the dates in which they are starting and refer them to the FAQ page of the website. All new workers get a mentor they can contact for guidance if they are finding anything hard in their new job at the Cooperative. The Cooperative’s retention process The Cooperative takes time to get all of the right applicants for the job and they came up with effective ways to keep them in the same job. 1. Discounts Discounts on all the products of the Cooperative, up to 20% off on stock and big reductions on reduced product lines. 1. Bonuses Bonuses are shared out between the workers of the Cooperative, more profit for the business means bigger bonuses for the workers. 1. Holidays Longer holidays are offered for people who have been working for a long time. The longer the employees work at the Cooperative the longer their holiday breaks can be. 1. Promotions Promotions of job roles can be offered to those who have excelled in their department and this means a higher pay and more control over a certain department of the Cooperative. Unit 4 Effective people, communication and information P1

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Moral values Essay Example for Free

Moral values Essay This approach to humanitarian emergencies has been accepted by newer humanitarian agencies and NGOs, like Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). These agencies and NGOs reject the principle of neutr4ality, and instead support the principle of impartiality that allows them to make a judgment on a conflict situation, that is, to speak out. 5 For instance, MSF claims that it refuses to wait for the approval of all parties before acting. It insists on the right to speak out in the face of human rights violations, because [it is] not sure that speaking out always saves lives, but [it is] certain that silence kills. However, the integration of human rights into humanitarianism would imply that aid is withheld in cases that the conditions for the effective humanitarian action are not in place. 6 This conditionality in aid has some serious consequences. Fox warns the danger of aid conditionality. should NGOs be doing politics? The notion that aid agencies can predict the long-term impact of humanitarian interventions; No matter how mush we want to act in a way beneficial in the long-term, its pretty much an exercise in ideological vanity. It also begs the question as whether aid workers should be making important political decisions. 2) Risks of losing humanitarian space. New humanitarians accept that speaking out carries a risk of losing access to those in need but they insist this is a price worth paying for drawing international attention to human rights abuses. Agencies cannot expect immunity or humanitarian space if the are leaning towards solidarity. Another risk of politicizing humanitarian aid is that aid agencies are seen to have lost their independence from western governments whose aid policies have often had more to do with promoting national interests than meeting human needs. The human rights approach means the elevation of political rights over basic needs. Many would argue that such suffering may be justified in the short-term in order to alleviate the long-term suffering of women in Afghan society? The danger of the new developmental relief is that it puts strengthening processes and institutions before saving lives. What always distinguished humanitarian aid from developmental aid was the minimalist goal of saving a life. Using humanitarian aid to promote peace and justice will save more lives in the long term. The logic is that lives lost now can help save lives in the future. People are left to suffer and die in the interests of a long-term political solution. Humanitarian assistance is supposed to help people and protect them from suffering and abuse is missing from developmental aid. It is not possible to analyze the changing nature of humanitarian aid without at least asking whether new humanitarianism is a new form of colonialism. Those groups that comply with the Western version of human rights and conflict resolution will receive aid. Those that reject western values will be left to their fate. In this way conditional humanitarian aid is becoming yet another tool available to western governments to control developing countries. Defining a new universal set of moral values. Developmental relief and the new human rights humanitarianism are all based on western moral values which are necessarily posited in opposition to the barbarism of conflicts in developing countries. One principle worth reviving from the list of traditional humanitarian assistance is universalism- the right of everyone to receive humanitarian relief in times of crisis. People dying without food, water, and medicines should receive unconditional humanitarian aid. The human rights approach, developmental aid and the rejection of neutrality amount to the politicization of humanitarian aid. Humanitarian aid cannot be divorced from politics. Warring sides, international agencies and foreign governments can manipulate relief for political ends. But the political manipulation of humanitarian aid is entirely different to the conscious use of humanitarian aid by agencies to pursue the political ends that is proposed by new humanitarianism.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Assessing the VAT Administration in Ethiopia

Assessing the VAT Administration in Ethiopia Upon its assumption of power in May 1991, the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) came to grips with the deficiencies that featured as the hallmarks of the public service. Dictated by the demands of the structural adjustment program (SAP) and the zeal to usher in new government machinery arrangements in accordance with its drives and preferences; the EPRDF introduced a wide range public sector reform program . Public expenditure management and control including the revenue sector has been one of the areas of critical focus under this broad reform program/package/. On the top of this reform agenda, one of the new visions of Ethiopian government among other things is to bring rapid and sustainable development in the country. Hence the government recognized, that, the achievement of this rapid and sustainable development requires mainly sustained and dependable domestic revenue mobilization which otherwise be a dream to realize such a vision depending only on external finance source which is subject to uncertainty. In order to realize domestic revenue mobilization objectives, it is considered that the role of taxation is of vital importance. To this end, the government of Ethiopia has been making considerable efforts to reform its tax system that cover all the areas of direct and indirect taxes. Under the indirect taxation system, the major outcome of the reform was the introduction of VAT. Ethiopia introduced VAT through proclamation No. 282/2002 which has been ratified or July 2002 and come in to force on January 1/2003 .The adoption of VAT into its tax system by replacing the former sales tax was with the objective in which VAT is considered to be important to enhance saving and investment, minimize the damage that may be caused by tax evasion and avoidance, stimulate economic growth and improve the relationship between gross domestic product and government revenue in the country. In addition, some of the inherent deficiencies of the former sales tax system which contribute to the replacement by the VAT also include: The former sales tax being a single stage collection system led to a greater loss of revenue as the base was much narrower than VAT. It is in short that it leads to cascading effect. As the VAT system requires strict use of invoices and allows input credit, it is expected to better mitigate evasion than the former sales tax. VAT is a broad based tax on the consumption of goods and services with standard rate of 15% in Ethiopia. It is collected at all stages in the production and distribution process beginning with the importers and producers of raw materials and ending with the retailers. Unlike the sales tax system where by relief is granted only to raw materials used directly in the production of goods; the tax structure under VAT system take credit invoice method which allows the business to offset the tax paid on capital goods and purchase of inputs against the collected tax on sales of goods and services. Destination principle is the base in which only imports are subject to tax and exports are zero rated. Removing the tax content from exported goods is aimed at making the goods more competitive in international markets. The threshold for compulsory registration is annual turnover exceeding Ethiopian birr 500,000 (approximately $ US 30,414). Business establishments below this threshold are exempted. Basic goods (especially food items) and services are also exempt from VAT. VAT is the youngest tax regime in Ethiopia with the age of only 7 years. As Eduart G. by his article on Albanian Tax Administration stated much IMF experience suggests that first years are not nearly long enough to have a good VAT system up and running well. Ten years is perhaps closer to reality (Eduart G. 2009, pp1). This notion tends to be relevant to the Ethiopian context in which due to this and some other factors, the VAT administration process is perceived to have various problems that range from filing returns, through processing refunds, and to enforcement and facilitation problems. Under this short report paper, attempt is made to discuss the major problems in VAT administrative process in Ethiopia and to recommend some solutions deemed relevant to solve the problems and improve the VAT administration and compliance. Thus, section one is introduction and deals with the overall picture of the VAT system in Ethiopia. The VAT administrative process and associated problems and risks are discussed under section two. And finally, section three deals with concluding remarks by summarizing the major problems and compliance risks of the VAT administration in Ethiopia. VAT administrative process 2.1. Basic principles governing VAT Administration a. Voluntary compliance Voluntary compliance is considered to be the primary objective of revenue authorities. Like any other revenue authorities, ERCA has several tax laws and regulations upon which it operates with a spectrum of needed compliance instruments. The instruments that are in place to leverage compliance range from education to sanction. Sensitization and awareness creation on tax obligations is pursued as a primary avenue to bring about the desired compliance behavior following which penalties are to be considered. Severe penalties may even be exercised awhile depending on the nature and magnitude of the violations. The preferred option of ERCA though, is one of adopting an administrative approach that encourages voluntary compliance with in a co-operative and participative regulatory environment. Thus, voluntary compliance by tax payers is the basic approach of the authority also with regard to VAT administration. Although this approach can be viewed as the strength of the VAT administration, the practical observation is far apart from this wish. Voluntary compliance can be better achieved through intensive tax payer education and delivery of quality service and information. Tax payers should need to know their rights and obligations to comply with .Delivery of quality service and information is also equally important to attract them to do so. However, due to the low coverage and poor performance of these matters and some other cultural and administrative problems, voluntary compliance is hardly attained objective in Ethiopia. b. Self Assessment VAT is self assessed tax in Ethiopia and this can be viewed as its strength that, one of the important features of modern tax administrations is the provision for self assessment. The responsibility for the correct calculation and timely payment of VAT rests on the taxpayer himself. In fact there are variety of circumstances in which the authority may issue an additional assessment such as in the case, where a person fails to furnish a return as require by law, and if the authority is not satisfied for any reason of perceived risks. One of the basic reasons to employ self assessed VAT system is administrative feasibility the fact that revenue authorities can not afford to knock every ones door to reasonably assess and collect tax liabilities. Rather, they need to focus on and direct much of their efforts and resources to those tax payers that are considered to be high risk traders. As indicated by the Indian Government Department of Revenue report on international best practice in VAT administration, in order for such a self assessment system to be effective, the apparent freedom granted to tax payers must be backed up with a supportive legislative framework and a comprehensive and integrated set of administrative processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ most importantly, as further indicated, the modern tax management therefore relies heavily upon risk assessment tools to determine which tax payers matters must be examined very closely, not merely at the audit level, but at all stages of the tax process from registration to collection (Indian Government Department of revenue 2006). When we look at in to Ethiopian situation in light of this view; the risk assessment practice is in its infant age. ERCA has passed all its age with out formal compliance risk management policy and strategy. Currently, however, ERCA has this policy and strategy which is endorsed on June 2010. Although it is too early to evaluate its impact with in 5 months of its endorsement, it is believed that it will bring a significant improvement on the compliance management efforts of the authority. 2.2. VAT Registration The VAT legislation in Ethiopia provides for two types of registration which are obligatory and voluntary. The threshold for obligatory registration is the annual taxable turnover that exceeds Ethiopian Birr 500,000.The primary intention to limit the registration threshold was consideration to administrative feasibility. However with this threshold limit even, the registration performance tends to be unsatisfactory. Regarding voluntary registration, a person, who carried on taxable activity and is not subject to mandatory registration, may voluntarily apply to the authority for such registration, if he regularly supplies at least 75% of his taxable goods and services to VAT registered person. In line with the threshold limit for obligatory registration, the government set turnover tax as equalizing factor to enhance fairness in commercial relations and make complete the coverage of the tax system at the same time reaching those tax payers below the threshold value. However due to the low enforcement capacity and some other reasons it tends to be less performed and viewed by registered taxpayers as ill addressed area. For example the Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Association in its release on National Business Agenda stated the following: A VAT registrant has to charge consumers an indirect tax of 15% of the value of goods or services sold. A non- registrant, however, pays a turnover tax (TOT) of 2% on goods sold and 2-10% on services rendered. Given these rates VAT registrants could not compete in the market. More over the tax Authority has limited capacity to enforce compliance. Knowing the authoritys limitations, many business enterprises who are required to register for VAT do not comply. This situation has created a distorted market, where those registered for VAT are subjected to unfair competition (Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce Sectoral Association 2007-2008 pp8) As we can understand from these statements, their argument refers to the wider gap between the VAT rate of 15% and the 2% rate for turn over tax which led to market distortion (unfair competition) together with the limited administrative capacity of the authority to enforce and facilitate the proper management of the turnover tax and the registration to VAT. Due to low compliance culture, low audit coverage, weak administrative capacity to detect and register potential unregistered tax payers; non registration is one of the most critical challenges in Ethiopian VAT administration system. The study by Tewodros Zewdie, also supplements this and the above view as he stated the business community contends that taxes are disproportionately collected from a few formal sector enterprises, while large sums remain out side tax system due to evasion, ineffective tax administration and inconsistent registration (Tewodros Zewedie 2010, PP1) . Further more as the study by Her Majestys Revenue and Customs (HMRC) of the UK indicates , only approximately 434,000 registered tax payers under all tax regimes out of population of 80 million- is biggest risk unregistered trading in Ethiopia (HMRC, Mission Summary report 2009 , pp 55) . As the study further assumes in fact it may be crude to take all the 80, million populations as a potential. Let us consider that 85% of the population being agricultural society is not required to register. This drops down the figure to 15 million (15% of the population). Also assume that unemployed work force including children possibly reduce this to 10 million. So that we still have at least 9.5 million people unregistered. The same trend holds true of VAT registration. Really this is greatest risk for Ethiopian tax administration. 2.3. Filing Returns and Payment of Tax VAT return is a form filled by a VAT registered person and filed with the tax authority at the end of each VAT accounting period showing if there is VAT payable or refundable. According to the VAT proclamation, every registered person is required to file the VAT return with the tax authority for each accounting period, whether or not tax is payable in respect of that period, no later than the last day of the calendar month following VAT accounting period. The payment of the tax liability is also expected at the point of declaration. Non declaration or frequently declaration of Nil are among the significant risks currently identified by ERCA. On the other hand the business community is complaining that a one month period for declaration and payment of VAT is very short. In fact, this is also evidenced by the study conducted by Wollea Abhodie as she stated this is a problem especially for tax payers conducting business at several locations since gathering documents from different offices takes time. Further according to the survey respondents, the shortness of the reporting period puts substantial pressure on employees and disrupts the normal operation of businesses (Yesgat WA 2008 pp151). The other problem is that every person registered for VAT is needed to go to tax offices in person to file and pay tax returns each month through out the year. No other option is provided and this may require the tax payer even to travel several kilometers in some instances. In addition the payment of tax liability exceeding Ethiopian birr 1000 is required to be effected through Ethiopian Commercial Bank and after paying the money the tax payer is required to submit the bank advice to the revenue authority. Hence he is forced to go to the bank as well as to the revenue authority to pay and report the same amount of money. This imposes some cost of service charge and time on the tax payer. VAT Invoicing VAT invoice is the central feature of VAT accounting. Under Ethiopian VAT law, the registered person is required to issue VAT invoice to the purchaser of goods and services upon the supply or rendering, but not later than 5 days after the transaction. A person who is not registered for VAT doesnt have the right to issue a tax invoice. It should be noted that only VAT registered person have to issue a VAT invoice if the total consideration for the entire supply does exceed Ethiopian Birr 10. In principle, as Eng L. Ming stated one key feature of the VAT system is the requirement to issue tax invoice that provides audit trail and the mechanism for the self- policing nature of the tax. In the light of the importance of the tax invoice, the material aspects relating to the use and form of the document are regulated (Eng L Ming 2004, pp2). However, if this is to work, all actors in the system should comply as per the law. Apart from this view, the VAT invoicing practice is serving much below than the expectation. In Ethiopia the problem is two sided. On the one hand the suppliers tend to use any opportunity to avoid the issuance of VAT invoice which may include negotiation with purchaser. On the other hand, most of the purchasers perhaps all citizens, unless they need it as evidence for claiming VAT refund or some other reason such as for accounts settlement with their organizations (employers) ; no one as civilized citizen, worries about demanding invoices. The other problem with VAT invoices is the use of fake or duplicated invoices. VAT sales invoices are printed by each tax payer with the provision of standard format and permission by the tax authority. However there is no criteria or procedure issued to select printing presses (firms) and it is up to the tax payer to select and negotiate with the printing firm nea rby. This gives rise to the printing of fake and duplicated invoices. This issues are further evidenced by the study conducted by Yesgat WA as she stated these problems include the difficulty of getting invoices on purchases and details of customers for the preparation of sales invoices, the problem of supplying with out invoices (by giving the option of buying with or without invoices to customers) and using duplicated invoices (Yesgat WA 2008 pp 153). VAT Refund VAT refund is the net VAT that a registered person expects from the tax authority when input VAT exceeds output VAT. At the end of a VAT accounting period, if output VAT exceeds input VAT, the difference is the amount of VAT payable to the tax Authority. On the other hand, if input tax exceeds output tax, the supplier may be allowed to carry the credit forward and a refund is made after five months if input VAT still exceeds out put tax. VAT refunds in Ethiopia are financed out of consolidated VAT collections and there is no specific expenditure appropriation for VAT refunds in the annual budget. This is one of the reasons to delay in VAT refunds when cash shortage occurs. As Indian government department of revenue indicated experience with VAT implementation in many countries shows that refund of credits has been the Achilles heel of the VAT. It has been a source of tension between tax authorities and the business sector and in some countries has led to complex administrative measures that have significantly undermined the functioning of the VAT system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as further indicated the prevalence of fraudulent claims is often cited by tax officials as a major reason for delaying payment of refunds. Often less advanced tax administrations pursue time consuming and labor intensive processes to verify claims before approving refunds, resulting in backlogs of refund requests and considerable disquiet among business tax payers who have been deprived of their working capital. In contrast, the most effective and efficient tax administrations tackle refund related fraud as part of a broader VAT compliance strategy based on risk management principles and generally limit pre-refund verification checks to perceived high risk claims (Indian Government, Department of Revenue 2006). The view holds true in our context in which risk based compliance management practice is not matured and refund requests are subject to pre-refund verifications in most cases. The refund period is also relatively longer than those of advanced economies with a period of on month. By the side of the taxpayers, VAT refund is one of the areas with significant risk under ERCAS current list of risk records. A common risk in this regard is that, goods declared for export and consequently declared as zero- rate on future declarations are diverted in to domestic consumption. The case of a declared export of sugar across the Kenyan border and its consequent identification of domestic consumption (which is repeatedly detected) is one of the specific examples. VAT Audit Tax audit is one of the most important tools of treating compliance risk by tax administrators. However, it is also considered to be one of the capacity challenges to many administrations. For example, as the Indian Government Revenue Department study indicates, it has generally been observed that audit is most often the weakest component of VAT administration, early in the implementation phase. This is because a completely new law is introduced, and both the departments staff and the dealers are in- experienced with it (Indian government department of revenue 2006, pp 61). The current audit status in Ethiopia shows this reality. As the study by HMRC of UK indicated, EARCAS current capacity through its large tax payers office for eg, is limited to only 20 audits per month, each one requiring between 10 and 20 staff days to complete. At least 5000 (all category A) tax payers are expected to be subject to this audit and there fore it may take nearly 21 years to visit all the large taxpayer population to ERCA and they would not be selected at all if they continue to make payment declarations (HMRC mission summary report 2009 pp 54). It worth, more attention would have been given to the VAT audit, the fact that the overall value of VAT share is considerably significant of all revenue income (about 85% )as the same study indicated. For audit to be efficient and effective, it should be supplemented by sound risk management /selectivity practices. The lack of sound risk management practice is one of the most contributing factors for the insignificant impact of audit on VAT compliance efforts. In other words, audit efforts are considered to be only a futile attempt in some instances, which result in less benefit than its cost. Penalties/Enforcement and Recognition. In this regard, the legislative base is not the source of problem. It sets out the rights and obligations of the tax officers as well as the tax payers. There are clearly stated provisions about the powers and penalties available to the tax authorities including the administrative settlement of tax offences and other related issues. However, this strong side is dominated by the low enforcement capacity of the authority and the law is not serving up to the expectation. In fact, within the sphere of the limited capacity, enforcement actions to leverage compliance range from education to appropriate sanctions. Thus the current trend differentiate between violations leading to customer education or warning and deliberate non- compliance leading to penalties i.e. those who are willing to be compliant but dont understand (making mistakes) are tackled through simplification of procedures, guidance and taxpayer education. And those who deliberately violate are treated through ranges of appropriate enforcement actions and penalties. Similarly, the current system some how recognizes for good compliance in which such firms are subject to lower intervention and provided with increased self assessment. Given its low capacity to enforce the rules, these approaches can be considered as the strength of the current VAT system. As in the case of all other issues, the low level of risk management practice and the low coverage and quality of audit are some of the fac tors that contribute to the low achievement of the law enforcement efforts. Concluding Remarks The VAT administration in Ethiopia is tending to follow approaches that are common to those modern tax administrations such as more reliance on self assessment and voluntary compliance. The fresh start of compliance risk management policy and strategy is also the current hope of the Authority for the better achievement of its law enforcement and compliance objectives. However, the low level of awareness by the tax payers, low compliance culture, the limited administrative capacity of the authority (institutional as well as man power capacity), lack of sound risk management practice to supplement the tax audit and law enforcement efforts etc. are some of the most critical challenges to ERCA to face currently. There fore; Adequate and continuous taxpayer education together with the provision of quality service and information is on the top of the solutions to bring voluntary compliance and better achieve its objectives. This may include, providing additional explanatory materials on tax laws, free training and taxpayer education programs, using community radios, establishing permanent contact and help centers, free phone lines (information desks), and wider use of public media etc. Further more, the service delivery arrangements should also need to consider such aspects as special treatment of large tax payers through large tax payer units (LTU), establishment of special tax courts, one stop shopping and different options to file and pay return by the tax payer such as through post office, electronic mail etc as appropriate are some of the important elements that add some value to the current situation. The approaches for self assessment and voluntary compliance by the tax payers should be followed by strong law enforcement through sound risk analysis and deterring measures focusing on high risk tax payers of non-complaints. Enhancing risk aware management culture, properly implementing the risk analysis output to supplement and direct the audit and the law enforcement efforts is very crucial to economic deployment of scarce resources and achieve its objectives of control and facilitation in much better effective and efficient way. More specifically, other comments include the following; The VAT administration fail not only to detect and register the potential non- registrants; but it equally fail to properly enforce and manage the registered tax payers as well. This situation may call for upgrading the current threshold to a reasonably manageable level inline with strengthing its capacity to effectively cop-up with the situation. Much focus is also required to the administration and control of turnover tax (TOT) to minimize the current market distortion and unfair competition between the VAT registered and non registered businesses. Building the capacity of VAT officers and auditors through intensive skill development trainings and education programs to up grade their skill an knowledge level is very crucial area that need due attention . Increasing the number of VAT auditors with adequate skill and hence widening the current level of insignificant coverage of audit to meaningful level is also another area that need fast action. To promote better compliance culture and the use of VAT invoices, by both the taxpayer and the consumer, in addition to the above taxpayer education mass sensitization and civic awareness creation is very important. Further, to motivate individual consumers (purchasers) to claim receipts for the purchase (consumption) they made and the amount paid it will be helpful for the VAT invoices to bear some incentive in the form of lottery or like. To eliminate the delay in VAT refunds due to cash shortage, specific expenditure appropriation for this purpose in the annual budget will be valuable. Similarly the VAT refund period also may need adjustments based on international best practice benchmarking such as to one month period. As non- registration is one of the biggest risks; it is an area that requires much effort and enforcement. The current approach that mainly focus on the visit of the tax payers premises once through- out the year by local inspectors should be supplemented by permanent tax messenger that frequently visit the tax payers business and related affairs and report to the authority to decide on the registration or deregistration of the tax payer . Finally, as the overall value of VAT share is considerably significant of all revenue income, much attention should be granted and there fore need to assure that income stream is protected. Resources should be directed to maximize the revenue income from the major taxes rather than trying to assure equally across all regimes that could, potentially, expose larger taxes to attack by customers.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Cleopatra :: Essays Papers

Cleopatra II. Summary: After the completion of the book, it had let me to believe the book was written for the general audience. Although the author provided many resources, the information was taken from literature that was written during the time. Therefore, some of the quotes were biased either against or favored Cleopatra. For an example of bias against her, the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus called her a â€Å"wicked creature, who was a slave to her lusts, but she still imagined that she wanted everything she could think of, and did her utmost to gain it†¦. As for Antony, he was so entirely overcome by this woman that†¦ he was some way or other bewitched to do whatever she would have him do.† On the contrary, here is an example of bias in favor of Cleopatra: â€Å"a princess well versed in the sciences, disposed to the study of philosophy and counting scholars among her intimate friends. She was the author of works on medicine, charms, and other divisions of the natural scie nces.† This was taken from a tenth-century Arab historian Al Masudi. The author allowed his readers to conclude their own interpretation of Cleopatra by stating both sides of the story. The book was broken down into eight chapters. These chapters spanned the time from 332 B.C. to 30 B.C. In the beginning of the book, it began the story of Cleopatra with Alexander the Great liberating Egypt from Persian control. However, the bulk of the chapters concentrated at 69 B.C. and ended 30 B.C. with the birth and death of Cleopatra. The story of Cleopatra began with her rein over Egypt as queen. This was when she allied and companioned with Caesar in attempt to strengthen her power. It was not long before Caesar was assassinated and his close friend and a powerful general Mark Antony denounced the conspirators. Not long after Caesar’s death, Antony and Cleopatra fell in love and ruled Rome and Egypt together. Together, they had formed an alliance strong enough to take down the most powerful force in the world at the time, Rome. The fall of Antony and Cleopatra began when they were defeated at Actium in Greece against Octavian’s Roman army. Towards the end of the book, the author went into details on the true love that existed between Antony and Cleopatra.

The Cultural and Sub Cultural Influence of Narcotics Anonymous Essay ex

The Cultural And Sub Cultural Influence of Narcotics Anonymous. The Subculture of N.A is a life outside of any expectations formed by the main Cultural Influence. It is a very private organization that I belong to which became a way of life for me. It has values, traditions, beliefs, sanctions and roles. This is the only outside influence in my life that made me develop meaning to my life again. I was a complete and total crack addict who finally hit the bottom of the barrel and started looking for a way to climb out of the grave I dug myself into. Narcotics Anonymous is a group that has taught me many values. They have twelve values, twelve traditions, and twelve steps. As a group we learn to accept all of the above for mentioned beliefs. There is what you call a home group. That is your main meeting session with your sponsor, (if you choose to have one which is recommended), sharing time, to talk about whatever you choose i.e. your day, if there was a relapse, a stressful day, and just trying to talk to others who understand every struggle we have on a daily basis to stay clean. N.A‘s Values are as follows: 1. Trust: Bonding from addict to addict. 2. Loyalty: Acts of contribution (since they are a self sustaining group). 3. Submission to the spiritual life because that is instilled in many ways especially since it is a part of Traditions, Twelve Steps and values. 4. Courage to change, 5.Caring and sharing, 6.Spiritual Humility, 7. Courage to try, 8. Sincerity: Honest Intentions, 9. Integrity: Honest Intentions, 10. Perseverance and Good Faith, 11. Conscious contact with our higher power, 12. And most importantly: Living Clean. To live by these values is sometimes very hard. The beliefs would be like the Narc... ...rs or more to be sponsors, group leaders and other appointed officials. As a result from their hard work it has obviously helped Narcotics Annoonymous. They have grown so much since 1973 when the organization was first incorporated into Society. They have now reached 100 countries and 31,000 meetings weekly. (This Group is na class of its own. It helps people achieve what they want (sobriety), while also teaching them rules and values, and the tools that you need in life to succeed sober. Personally, I believe it is a subculture that is growing due to the fact that more and more are turning to drugs to cope with reality. Eventually when people decide to accept a higher being which has power over them, they will turn to N.A. either after rehab or on their own. Either way if they are open to help they will turn to us. As living proof I am 508 days sober.)

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Loneliness In Of Mice And Men :: essays research papers

Loneliness is the central theme in the novel Of Mice and Men. Many of the characters show signs of being lonely, some more than others. Loneliness haunts Crooks deep inside. Crooks accepts things the way they are though. Crooks does not talk to the other men and they do not talk to him. This causes the greatest amount of loneliness in Crooks out of all the characters. Rejection can cause most people to become crazy, as it did to Crooks. Other characters on the ranch show signs of loneliness also. But what makes the others different is the fact that Crooks does not have anyone to talk with, the others atleast have one person to talk to. Crook’s actions along with not having any friends show why he must be the lonelinest character.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not having any friends is one of the reasons why Crooks is lonely. The other workers on the ranch take place in fun activities, such as horseshoes and card games. Crooks never gets invited to play. This resentment is due solely to the color of his skin. The other characters all have someone to talk to. George and Lennie have each other, Candy had both his dogs. The other workers are friends with one another. Curley’s wife is also lonely, but still has Curley. The men sit in the bunk house, talk and have fun on occasion. Meanwhile Crooks is in his shed all alone. Crooks tries to explain to Lennie in the shed why he is lonely. “ A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you...I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick'; (80). This is showing Lennie exactly how Crooks is feeling. Also, it explains what Crooks has to deal with. He is trying to scare Lennie. Crooks is forced to explain that he needs someone to talk to. The reader now becomes aware of Crooks terrible loneliness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Readers can infer Crook’s loneliness by the way he acts. There are many signs throughout the novel that support this. Because Crooks stays in the shed all day one can detect a sense of loneliness. Since Crooks does not ever talk to anyone his social life is all in books. Crooks reads very much to suppress his loneliness and to When Lennie comes into the shed a conversation arises between the two.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

College degree Essay

The quest for college degree has brought us to here HCC, because there was no real fulfillment in our various jobs. The benefits from having a college education are manifold and range from jobs satisfaction, higher earning potential, and healthier life style choices. With the advances in technology, many of today’s jobs now require more than a high school education or trade skills. Success in the workforce is increasingly defined by the ability to think critically, manipulate a computer, and to work collaboratively in a teaming environment. Today’s college education develops these abilities, providing individuals with invaluable business and personal skills and knowledge, as well as opening the door to better career opportunities and increased earning power. Having a college degree is linked to higher pay. People with a higher level of education are more satisfied in their jobs than people who only have a high school diploma. For example, in 2012 the median of earnings for young adults with a bachelor’s degree was $46,900, while the median was $22,900 for those without a high school credential and $30,000 for those with a high school credential. In other words, young adults with a bachelor’s degree earned more than twice as much as those without a high school credential (105 percent more) and 57 percent more than young adult high school completers. (National Center for Education Statistics website). One of the biggest arguments against a college education is not being able to go work when you turn eighteen. Many people believe that this will cause them to fall behind and not be able save up enough money. A college education will let you â€Å"skip the line† and start working with better jobs, in better places, with better conditions, and on top of that, the unemployment rates for high school graduates have increased to 8. 1% in the last year (â€Å"Value of a Degree†). The bottom line is that better jobs come from a better education. College education will help in making good choice and have a healthier life style. Apparently those with a college education are more likely to live healthier lifestyles, with fewer incidences of smoking and obesity. The gap between smoking rates of those with high school diplomas and those with four-year degrees has risen from 2 percentage points in 1962 to 17 points in 2012. College-educated adults of all ages, and their children, are also less likely to be obese. In addition, mothers with higher levels of education spend more time with their children, regardless of whether they are employed or not (â€Å"Top Universities†). Also in the other hand, according to Malcom X â€Å"Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today. † The Luck of education is a serious problem today. Some effects include illiteracy and increased drop rate, this is also leads to have a trouble finding work. It is difficult to see the exact value of your education in the beginning. However, finishing high school is an asset that everyone with the opportunity should take full advantage of. Just finishing high school opens up some doors, but not many. On the contrary, not going to school can result in higher unemployment and therefore a means for extra burden on the society. You can see from the chart that there is a dramatic difference between what a person will be paid with a diploma and as a college graduate. According to the chart a college graduate can bring home nearly fifty-percent more than a person with a high school diploma. Higher education opens up opportunities for people. It gives student the experience and the confidence that they will be able to use in many life situations. Attending college gives students opportunities to express themselves and to learn about other people and their ideas. Although college isn’t for everyone, everyone should at least give it a try. By going to college you learn to become independent, you go into the race for bigger, safer, better jobs, and you make more money on the other side. If you are given the opportunity to go to college, you should take advantage of it. You might even find out that you like it. The college experience is both academic and practical. College gives us a great opportunity to grow intellectually and gives us a chance to mature.

Friday, August 16, 2019

On Immigration Issue: Hilary Clinton and Barack Obama Essay

Barrack Obama and Hilary Clinton had both express their plans about the reformation of the immigration system in the country. Currently, America’s population is increasing fast. However, there are several who are not listed as legal migrants of the country. According to the website of Ohama, the number of undocumented immigrants had increased for more than 40 percent since the year 2000. This shows that there is an approximate of five hundred thousand people who lives illegally or who overstays in the country every year. Immigration raids are ineffective because an estimate of 3,600 arressts were made in the year 2006. This only shows that the ratio against the number of discovered illegal immigrants versus the total number of illegal immigrants does not even reach 1%. (barrackobama.com, 2008) Barrack Obama had planned on create securing borders for the country. He had stated in his plans that he is very willing to back-up the integrity of the borders. He would implement this through providing additional people, infrastructure and technology needed on the borders and points of entry of the country. Obama wants the system to work in a real time manner so that the immigrants who had been reviewed as illegal would be easily deported to his or her country of origin. The same as Obama, Hilary Clinton wants to know who is in the country through the security of the country’s border. She also agrees in having a new technology that would help stop the flow of illegal immigrants in the country. Both Obama and Clinton had pointed out the security of the border. However, Obama’s plan had been more specific as to what actions must the government take in order to secure the borders. Clinton had stated the security of the borders but she did not tell what particular aspect of security must be done to the border. Hilary Clinton had mentioned in her plans that the employers must follow the law against employing and exploiting illegal immigrants. Clinton had proposed that a new technology to help stop the flow of undocumented immigrants in the country and an employer verification system that is universal, accurate and timely. Barrack Obama on the other hand would remove incentives for immigrants to enter the country illegally. This would be done by pinpointing the employers who hire undocumented immigrants. Upon identification of these employers, corresponding punishment would be done to these employers who had been found to hire illegal immigrants. Looking at the plans of both Presidential candidate, Hilary Clinton’s suggestion on the implementation of a technology for illegal employment is a good measure to determine automatically who are the illegal immigrants. Barrack Obama’s plan concentrated on the employers and the corresponding punishment that would be given to such. The difference between these plans is that Hilary wants to determine the illegal immigrants and the employers while Barrack wants to know the employers only and not the illegal immigrants of the country. Among the laws and regulations that both candidates wanted to prioritize it is the family of the illegal immigrant and the illegal immigrant. Hillary plans to repair the immigration system. She had stated that the current immigration system at times is the reason why families are damaged and forced to be apart because of the current laws. As such, Hillary Clinton had noted a national interest in the families. She had introduced an amendment during the consideration of the immigration reform bill that would protect the family. Obama’s plan is to fix the immigration bureaucracy and increase the number of allowed legal immigrants to be with their families and meet demand for jobs that employers cannot fill. Obama had noted in his plans bringing out illegal immigrants out by providing a system that would allow illegal immigrants to gain legal status if the immigrant is in a good standing to pay a fine, learn the English Language, and law-abiding in order to become citizens of the state. He had also included in his plans to expedite citizenship to the military troops who are foreigners and serves America. This population is around 5% of the total US troops population. Hilary Clinton was not able to take note of this things on her plans in immigration. However, she had noted facts on the impact of immigration policies on the workers. She would take note of the worker programs that exploit workers and creates cheap labor that undermines the wages of the U.S. workers. The right of a worker to work in safe conditions with decent wages had been noted in her plans. Clinton would support Ag Jobs programs. This program is about keeping agricultural industry lively and enable agricultural workers fair wages and labor protections that they need. As a conclusion, both candidates have noted several important issues that needs to be tackled regarding Immigration. Both had determined that the undocumented immigrants must be known. The large number of illegal immigrants in America is very alarming that is why, both of them had created plans immediately in order to contain the problem. Hilary Clinton had addressed the issue of border security, illegal immigrant employment, immigrant family choice and cheap labor exploitation. Barrack Obama on the other hand had addressed border security, illegal immigrant employment, honorary of the immigrant troops and converting illegal immigrants into citizens. Based on the presented plans, Obama’s show more details and also looks on the realistic side of the problem. Specific solutions are specified in his plans and this has made his plan more realistic. Works Cited: Obama 2008. â€Å"Immigration†. 2008. Obama for America. 28 March 2008. Online: Hillary Clinton for President Committee. â€Å"Reforming Our Immigration System†. 2008. Hillary for President 2008. 28 March 2008. Online: < http://www.hillaryclinton.com/issues/immigration/>

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Political Competence Essay

In almost any affair that involves multiple stakeholders the idea of partnership and collaboration have essential roles. This is also applicable in building a strong society or country especially since it is composed of numerous people with varying needs that must be addressed. In relation to this the concepts of good corporate citizenship and political competence are vital in giving the necessary services to the people. Corporate citizenship pertains to â€Å"a new contract between business and society, a vision of partnership between different sections of community, which allies profitable companies with healthy communities because what happens to societies happens to business† (Benchmarks, n. d. ). On the other hand, political competence involves skills and attributes that make it possible for the achievement of organizational goals (Wells, n. d. ). Good corporate citizenship and political competence are related because these are interdependent upon each other. In order for good corporate citizenship to make successful partnerships it needs political competence that will make sure that the plans they made will be properly applied so that their objectives can be realized. Since the past up to the contemporary time, the government plays an important role in the organization, information dissemination, budgeting, and funding of a country’s healthcare system. The government is the primary body that is responsible in passing laws for the planning as well as the implementation of various concerns regarding the healthcare system of the country. This is greatly observable in countries like the United States of America, states in the European Union as well as in other parts of the world. However, this kind of system is not always as effective as it seem to be. There are still many people who lack the proper healthcare attention, which is always the reason that there are various sicknesses that most citizens suffer from. The main problem why such incompetence takes place is due to the lack of political will coming from the government and also the improper and sometimes illegal contracts that are happening among the public agencies and corporations. This could be seen in the common practice that is observable in the distribution of the needed medicine for most healthcare centers. Government funded organizations are responsible in commissioning private corporations in buying the needed medicinal paraphernalia. Nevertheless, anomalies often happen in this kind of dealings. Corrupt government officials would allot a huge amount of budget in order to buy medicinal necessities but this money is not consumed for this sole purpose. Some of it tends to fall in the pocket of officials who are only thinking of their vested interests. They would engage in illegal contracts with private corporations who would also gain benefit in the process (Messerli, 2008). This kind of issue is clearly an ethical dilemma that needs to be address immediately. A good solution for this problem is to create an objective, independent body that would see to it that the budget allotted for the healthcare of the citizens are use for the right purposes. This is one good way in order to do something to prevent this kind of anomaly from happening. The healthcare of citizens is a very important aspect of an individuals’ right, which is why it should be given due attentions and importance.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Deception Point Page 60

â€Å"Ms. Tench?† the transparent voice on the line said. â€Å"William Pickering, here. To what do I owe this honor?† Tench could hear the television in the background-NASA commentary. She could already sense in his tone that he was still reeling from the press conference. â€Å"Do you have a minute, director?† â€Å"I expected you'd be busy celebrating. Quite a night for you. Looks like NASA and the President are back in the fight.† Tench heard stark amazement in his voice, combined with a tinge of acrimony-the latter no doubt on account of the man's legendary distaste for hearing breaking news at the same time as the rest of the world. â€Å"I apologize,† Tench said, trying to build an immediate bridge, â€Å"that the White House and NASA were forced to keep you unapprised.† â€Å"You are aware,† Pickering said, â€Å"that the NRO detected NASA activity up there a couple weeks ago and ran an inquiry.† Tench frowned. He's pissed. â€Å"Yes, I know. And yet-â€Å" â€Å"NASA told us it was nothing. They said they were running some kind of extreme environment training exercises. Testing equipment, that sort of thing.† Pickering paused. â€Å"We bought the lie.† â€Å"Let's not call it a lie,† Tench said. â€Å"More of a necessary misdirection. Considering the magnitude of the discovery, I trust you understand NASA's need to keep this quiet.† â€Å"From the public, perhaps.† Pouting was not in the repertoire of men like William Pickering, and Tench sensed this was as close as he would get. â€Å"I only have a minute,† Tench said, working to retain her dominant position, â€Å"but I thought I should call and warn you.† â€Å"Warn me?† Pickering waxed wry momentarily. â€Å"Has Zach Herney decided to appoint a new, NASA-friendly NRO director?† â€Å"Of course not. The President understands your criticisms of NASA are simply issues of security, and he is working to plug those holes. I'm actually calling about one of your employees.† She paused. â€Å"Rachel Sexton. Have you heard from her this evening?† â€Å"No. I sent her to the White House this morning at the President's request. You've obviously kept her busy. She has yet to check in.† Tench was relieved to have gotten to Pickering first. She took a drag on her cigarette and spoke as calmly as possible. â€Å"I suspect you may be getting a call from Ms. Sexton sometime soon.† â€Å"Good. I've been expecting one. I've got to tell you, when the President's press conference began, I was concerned Zach Herney might have convinced Ms. Sexton to participate publicly. I'm pleased to see he resisted.† â€Å"Zach Herney is a decent person,† Tench said, â€Å"which is more than I can say for Rachel Sexton.† There was a long pause on the line. â€Å"I hope I misunderstood that.† Tench sighed heavily. â€Å"No, sir, I'm afraid you did not. I'd prefer not to talk specifics on the phone, but Rachel Sexton, it seems, has decided she wants to undermine the credibility of this NASA announcement. I have no idea why, but after she reviewed and endorsed NASA's data earlier this afternoon, she has suddenly pulled an about-face and is spouting some of the most improbable allegations imaginable of NASA treachery and fraud.† Pickering sounded intense now. â€Å"Excuse me?† â€Å"Troubling, yes. I hate to be the one to tell you this, but Ms. Sexton contacted me two minutes before the press conference and warned me to cancel the whole thing.† â€Å"On what grounds?† â€Å"Absurd ones, frankly. She said she'd found serious flaws in the data.† Pickering's long silence was more wary than Tench would have liked. â€Å"Flaws?† he finally said. â€Å"Ridiculous, really, after two full weeks of NASA experimentation and-â€Å" â€Å"I find it very hard to believe someone like Rachel Sexton would have told you to postpone the President's press conference unless she had a damn good reason.† Pickering sounded troubled. â€Å"Maybe you should have listened to her.† â€Å"Oh, please!† Tench blurted, coughing. â€Å"You saw the press conference. The meteorite data was confirmed and reconfirmed by countless specialists. Including civilians. Doesn't it seem suspicious to you that Rachel Sexton-the daughter of the only man whom this announcement hurts-is suddenly changing her tune?† â€Å"It seems suspicious, Ms. Tench, only because I happen to know that Ms. Sexton and her father are barely civil to one another. I cannot imagine why Rachel Sexton would, after years of service to the President, suddenly decide to switch camps and tell lies to support her father.† â€Å"Ambition, perhaps? I really don't know. Maybe the opportunity to be first daughter†¦ † Tench let it hang. Pickering's tone hardened instantly. â€Å"Thin ice, Ms. Tench. Very thin.† Tench scowled. What the hell did she expect? She was accusing a prominent member of Pickering's staff of treason against the President. The man was going to be defensive. â€Å"Put her on,† Pickering demanded. â€Å"I'd like to speak to Ms. Sexton myself.† â€Å"I'm afraid that's impossible,† Tench replied. â€Å"She's not at the White House.† â€Å"Where is she?† â€Å"The President sent her to Milne this morning to examine the data firsthand. She has yet to return.† Pickering sounded livid now. â€Å"I was never informed-â€Å" â€Å"I do not have time for hurt pride, director. I have simply called as a courtesy. I wanted to warn you that Rachel Sexton has decided to pursue her own agenda with respect to tonight's announcement. She will be looking for allies. If she contacts you, you would be wise to know that the White House is in possession of a video taken earlier today in which she endorsed this meteorite data in its entirety in front of the President, his cabinet, and his entire staff. If now, for whatever motives she might have, Rachel Sexton attempts to besmirch the good name of Zach Herney or of NASA, then I swear to you the White House will see to it she falls hard and far.† Tench waited a moment, to be sure her meaning had settled in. â€Å"I expect you to repay the courtesy of this call by informing me immediately if Rachel Sexton contacts you. She is attacking the President directly, and the White House intends to detain her for questioning before she does any serious damage. I will be w aiting for your call, director. That's all. Good night.† Marjorie Tench hung up, certain that William Pickering had never been talked to like that in his life. At least now he knew she was serious. On the top floor of the NRO, William Pickering stood at his window and stared into the Virginia night. The call from Marjorie Tench had been deeply troubling. He chewed at his lip as he tried to assemble the pieces in his mind. â€Å"Director?† his secretary said, knocking quietly. â€Å"You have another phone call.† â€Å"Not now,† Pickering said absently. â€Å"It's Rachel Sexton.† Pickering wheeled. Tench was apparently a fortune-teller. â€Å"Okay. Patch her through, right away.† â€Å"Actually, sir, it's an encrypted AV stream. Do you want to take it in the conference room?† An AV stream? â€Å"Where is she calling from?† The secretary told him. Pickering stared. Bewildered, he hurried down the hall toward the conference room. This was something he had to see. 70 The Charlotte's â€Å"dead room†-designed after a similar structure at Bell Laboratories-was what was formally known as an anechoic chamber. An acoustical clean room containing no parallel or reflective surfaces, it absorbed sound with 99.4 percent efficiency. Because of the acoustically conductive nature of metal and water, conversations onboard submarines were always vulnerable to interception by nearby eavesdroppers or parasitic suction mics attached to the outer hull. The dead room was, in effect, a tiny chamber inside the submarine from which absolutely no sound could escape. All conversations inside this insulated box were entirely secure.

Risk Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk Management - Coursework Example A successful debris-control problem can significantly minimize the cost of FOD damage, as well as the possibility for injury to personnel. The paper investigates risk of ground damage on airports, which is a significant cost for airlines and airport operators. Foreign object debris manifest in diverse forms and emanates from diverse sources and can be located within an airport’s air operations area (AOA). FOD can yield to aircraft damage in the form of punctured or torn tires, engine failure, and nicked turbine/propeller blades. A FOD prevention program highlights aspects such as facility inspection, maintenance, and synchronization between all affected parties can reduce FOD as well it impacts (Castro, 2011). FOD can yield to damage via direct contact with airplanes by cutting the airplane tires, or injuring people or damaging airplanes after being propelled by the jet blast. The resultant damage can cost the aerospace industry close to $4 billion every year. Airports, airpor t tenants, and airlines can minimize this cost by embracing steps to safeguard airport FOD. Risk Assessment FOD programs derive from three fundamental areas of emphasis: first, it eradicates diverse categories of FOD inclusive of â€Å"processing debris† and treat all FOD as avoidable and with equal significance. Second, it re-emphasizes the role and authority for FOD safeguard at the operations level. Third, it promotes the significance of comprehensive independent evaluation by contractors and the government. Risk assessment against ground damage on airports is a significant cost for airlines and necessitates analysis of hazard scenarios (Sadgrove, 2005). The risk assessment module typically might address hazard scenarios during approach and landing; and, assessment scenarios as per the runway physical status (current situation, measures to minimize risk, and compliance). Risk analysis necessitates calculation of quantitative risk based on the approach for all scenarios (Ca stro, 2011). Assessment scenarios encompass detailed specifications suitable for all hazards spheres such as the present situation vs. regulatory compliance; the impact of projected internal/external development; and, cases incorporating diverse intermediate, as well as other measures such as removal of obstacles off and on the field, and modification of ground operations (Patankar & Taylor, 2004). Safety Risk Management can be categorized into three elements, namely: hazard identification, risk appraisal, and risk alleviation. The core objective of risk management centers on ensuring that all risks remain at an acceptable level. Risk assessment has overtime been one of the most challenging aspects of the risk management process for aviation operations. This arises from the subjectivity engaged in determining the severity of the consequences of damage from foreign objects and the absence of quantitative information on the likelihood of this occurring. Hazard identification centers o n collecting and analyzing safety data, which necessitates collection of safety data such as mandatory occurrence reports, safety reports, and safety surveys and audits. Hazard identification relates to collecting and appraising safety data, which is pertinent to spotlighting safety issues. Hazard identification avails the input for risk assessment. The analysis of risks entails probing existing controls and establishing whether they

Tuesday, August 13, 2019

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization Essay

Economics of Gender, Race And Globalization - Essay Example nder, race, and globalization The roles of both the genders have changed considerably with the time and that can be explained with the help of the following facts. The working women of the United States of America earned about 29% for every dollar that the men earned during the period of 1815 and increased to 76% per dollar by the year 2004. Besides the change in the economic behavior, the social aspects of the lives of both male and female have changed. According to a study made on the US economy a thirty years old man of the present century is four times more likely to be divorced than an individual of the same age in 1950 and the chance of the individual being not yet married is twice more than that of the earlier period. Discrimination between the two genders occurs because of their difference in their biological existence, difference in their psychology, in their culture and also in their abilities. There are policies that affect the two ends of the gender differently. The ways in which we could discriminate the two genders are uncountable in practical sense. Difference in the gender of individuals and the difference in their sex are different as the cultural influences make the two different from each other. However, majority of the differences between men and women that are not biological are incorporated by the society itself. Since childhood, a girl is presented with baby dolls so as to make them grow up with the feeling that motherhood is one of the ultimate goals they need to achieve in their lives. Thus, the gender issue gained importance from period of indefinite past and the economics of gender mainly deals with the change in the economic behavior of men and women with the changing economic environment and the social nature of living. (Jacobsen, 1-7) The... This report stresses that the immediate effect of racism is the increase in poverty level of the country. Thus, the world is a place where if individuals are born with the colors of their skin other than white are likely to be grown up to be poor. Economic globalization through increasing and staggering debt of the poor nations has perpetuated the colonization of the racialized world. This essay makes a conclusion that the most adverse effect of both gender and race is the increase in the poverty level of the society. A nation with more gender and racial discrimination experience more of their population living in poverty. The combined discrimination of gender and racism reveals that racialized women bear the incidence of poverty almost double than that of non-racialized women. The rate of white women living in poverty is only 18% as compared to 37% chance of living in poverty of women with color. The public sectors that are mostly ill maintained in the country are the places of dependence and association of the women of the society and the minority classes. Until date, no dominant international organization has come forward to protect the interest of the racial communities and that of the Women of the society. Globalization brought the people of the world together as consumers of international market but they are separated as people of different race and gender.

Monday, August 12, 2019

Racism in Science Fiction Movies Research Paper

Racism in Science Fiction Movies - Research Paper Example The main thesis behind District 9 is that it is basic human nature to be racist. If we know that we are dominant or can dominate, we tend to exploit the weak. The movie shows the danger of this nature through its main character, story, slums, etc. The thesis behind Brother from another Planet is that as a result of racism precious human talented and skills are being wasted. This is shown in them movie through the main protagonist who has special talents but they go unutilized as a result of racism. Finally, the thesis behind Starship Troopers is that racism only leads to destruction. Racism is depicted in an entirely different form in the movie that we do not notice easily. It is the practice of racism by a state on its citizens. Each of the three movies try to depict that racism inevitably leads to loss. Brother from another Planet revolves around an alien who crash lands on earth. The alien ends up in New York City. The alien is a slave who is trying to escape from intergalactic bounty hunters whose job is to recapture slaves who have escaped. The alien resembles an African American male and is mute. The alien has some extraterrestrial powers such as telekinetic powers. The alien has extremely large feet which he hides. The alien discovers that his color tone is a major disadvantage here. The movie is a social commentary on life in the society of the time. The movie shows how the racial divide still exists in a city like New York. It addresses issues such as differences between social classes and racism. One of the main criticisms about the movie is that main protagonist who is an alien slave is shown as an African American and the bounty hunters are whites. To some extent it might be trying to reflect the hard realities of the society. It shows that whites are considered superior even in the context of extra-terrestrials and blacks are treated as inferior.