An Analysis of John F. Kennedys Civil Rights Address

At the height of the Cold War, racial tensions in the United States were also reaching a breaking point. This era brought with it many of the seminal events in civil-rights history: the start of the Freedom Rides in 1961, the University of Mississippi’s admission of its first black student, and the Birmingham riots of 1963. While America struggled with the ever-present threat of nuclear war, this other kind of conflict threatened to undermine and demoralize America from within. It is 11 June, 1963, and the Alabama National Guardsmen are called to the University of Alabama to ensure the safe admission of two black students. That same afternoon, John F. Kennedy addresses the nation in an attempt to sooth flared tempers on both sides of the†¦show more content†¦World War II and the Nazi regime, though supplanted by fears of nuclear conflict and communism, would surely be a painful memory for many Americans. This allusion to the espoused ideologies of Hitler and his ilk w as calculated to associate segregation with those ideas. This is a further emotional appeal to the patriotism of Americans. His audience would be instantly repulsed by the idea of having such similarities to a despot and dictatorship, the antithesis of the very things which they love. It is also a logical appeal; to suggest that America would love her ideals and yet not adhere to them is illogical. By drawing attention to this, Kennedy further impresses upon his audience the need for change, and their duty in that change. During this call for change, Kennedy does not alienate his audience by putting himself above the need for reform. Throughout the text he speaks with an unequivocal tone, but also draws attention to his own status as a citizen. He greets the audience as â€Å"fellow citizens†; he uses inclusive words such as â€Å"us† and â€Å"we†; he goes on to describe the actions he personally intends to take. In this way, he is communicating to his audience that he is not absolved of responsibility because of his presidency, but equally responsible because he is equally a citizen of the nation. In theShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1532 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in BrooklineRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1687 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past—let us accept our own responsibility for the future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in BrooklineRead MoreWhat Did The Assassination Of John. F Kennedy Affect The Civil Right Movement?2205 Words   |  9 Pagesassassination of John. F Kennedy affect the civil right movement?† The years from 1963-1964 will be the focus of this investigation, to allow for the analysis from the year of Kennedy’s assassination and to the end of the civil rights movement. This investigation will mainly focus on Lyndon B. Johnson participation during the civil rights movement but also other outside factors. This includes Martin Luther King. Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society and Legacies of the 1964 Civil Rights Act are the twoRead MoreThe Great American Speech By Robert F. Kennedy2346 Words   |  10 PagesI am bewildered by the fact that one of the greatest American speeches ever written is unknown to the majority of the Ameri can public. A speech so powerful that it prevented a major city from rioting. The words of Robert F. Kennedy on April 4th, 1968 in Indianapolis, Indiana still persists strong in the sight of his burial in Arlington Cemetery and in the minds and hearts of the individuals who got to witness this live. The speech was known to be so dynamic that some scholarly institutions like thatRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay2043 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Civil Rights Movement? The Civil Rights Movement and President Johnson are closely linked in history. Though there were many other faces to the Civil Rights Movement, Johnson’s was one of the most publicly viewed and instrumental in its passing. 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Title IV declaredRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pagesdemocracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Puritans Triangular trade First Continental Congress John Smith Separatists Molasses Act Sugar Act Francis Drake Pilgrims Scots-Irish Quartering Act Read More Affirmative Action Essay2990 Words   |  12 Pagestoday’s society or if such policy should be done away with, and, finally, possible resolutions to this dilemma, will be reviewed, beginning with the explanation of how affirmative action came about. In March l96I, less than two months after President John F. Kennedy took office, he issued an Executive Order (10925), which established the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Its mission was to end discrimination in employment by the government and its contractors. The order requiredRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War3899 Words   |  16 PagesThe American involvement in the Vietnam War created widespread division between the American people. There were many United States citizens who believed that the United States was involved in the Vietnam struggle for the right reasons, in order to prevent communism from taking over South Vietnam. There were also other citizens who believed that the United States was involved over there for the wrong reasons, due to the feeling that it was none of our business, and that it was considered another formRead MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 Pagescare of themselves. Consumer Protection l aws are a form of government regulation which aim to protect the rights of consumers. For example, a government may require businesses to disclose detailed information about products—particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation of consumer organizations which help consumers make better choices

The Principle of Market Equilibrium Free Essays

Lately, there have had many fluctuations in clothing markets regarding unusually high cotton prices. The changes in cotton clothing market give us a good opportunity to illustrate the Principle of Market Equilibrium that any time there is an imbalance between supply and demand, economies will normally move toward an equilibrium in which no individual would be better off doing something else. In fact, we have now seen that a market tends to have a single price, the equilibrium price at which the quantity demanded of a good or service is equal to the quantity supplied. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principle of Market Equilibrium or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the demand and/or supply curves shift, the market price always moves toward the market-clearing price, at which there is neither surplus nor shortage. Clothing is drawing more attention, but how to satisfy people’s garment-shopping need with limited budgets is indeed a thorny problem when input prices seem to get higher and higher. Recently, bad weather in China and India, the currently largest producers of cotton, and severe flooding in Pakistan have contributed to shrinking cotton supplies. The cost of cotton, as a result, has gone up almost 80 percent since July.For these reasons, the supply curve for cotton clothing shifts leftward; that is, producers supply less at any given price. In this situation, everyone would predict that demand for cotton clothing decreases, yet in fact, it is growing. As the economic recovery in the United States began, in particular, apparel makers and retailers placed orders for more inventory, spurring even more demand. Economically speaking, the demand curve doesn’t move along but shifts rightward; people still consume more cotton clothing despite the significant rise in the price.Encountering the rise in input costs, apparel makers attempted to hold the line on prices by, say, looking for more cost-effective materials that do not reduce quality and switching production to countries with lower labor costs or milder customs charges. But unable to catch up with consumption, suppliers have no choice but raise prices. The V. F. Corporation, the maker of 7 for All Mankind and The North Face, says most brands will probably cost more next year, and its cotton-heavy jeans lines are particularly susceptible to increases.The Jones Group says its increases could be in the high single digits or more. This increase in prices, all in all, agree with the market finding a new equilibrium; particularly in this case, the demand and supply curves shift at the same time. The rise in price and quantity demanded along with the fall in supply, certainly, corresponds to an upward trend in equilibrium price—but the change in the equilibrium quantity is ambiguous. How to cite The Principle of Market Equilibrium, Papers The Principle of Market Equilibrium Free Essays Devin Bunten 828. 008. 840 As costs rise, airlines cut services and raise fares International Herald Tribune Micheline Maynard Friday, June 6th, 2008 www. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principle of Market Equilibrium or any similar topic only for you Order Now iht. com/articles/2008/06/06/business/air. php The Principle of Market Equilibrium The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity demanded of a good or service is equal to the quantity supplied. The Principle of Market Equilibrium states that perfectly competitive markets are always moving toward said equilibrium. If the price is too high or low, there will be a surplus or shortage, respectively, which will drive the price towards the â€Å"market-clearing† equilibrium price. When there is a shift of the demand and/or supply curves, the market will adjust by finding a new equilibrium price. Such is the case in the airline industry, where a decrease in supply has led to a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in the equilibrium quantity. Costs in the airline industry, as in many industries at present, are rising, largely due to an increase in the costs of inputs. The cost of fuel this summer is â€Å"almost double† what it was last summer. This has led to a shift inward of the supply curve for the airline industry; that is, at any given price, airlines will now supply fewer flights. This has been made tangible by the announcements since March that the industry will be retiring more than two hundred aircraft. However, a shift inward of the supply curve is also a shift upward, and airlines are following this stricture of economics as well: various airlines have begun charging between fifteen and twenty-five dollars to check bags, that is, the price has gone up for a service that was once offered at a lower cost to consumers. However, the movement of the supply curve is only half the story. For the purposes of this essay, the assumption is that the demand curve has not moved, however, there has certainly been movement along the demand curve. In addition to the aforementioned hanges, airlines are simply raising their rates. Southwest Airlines, which once would charge no more than $299 for any flight, now routinely charges $400 for some flights. This increase, while a hefty 33% over previous prices, is standard across the market. Correspondingly, the Air Transport Association, an industry lobbyist, has predicted a decrease in the number of people flying of two million from last summer to this . This decrease in quantity demanded, together with the increase in price, corresponds to a leftward movement along the demand curve, towards a new equilibrium. Faced with rising input prices, producers were unwilling or unable to meet the demand at the previous price level, creating a surplus of demand at that price. Producers have therefore responded by increasing prices (as well as, of course, cutting services). This is reflected by the decrease in quantity demand as the price rises. This increase in prices, combined with a decrease in quantity demanded, corresponds to the market finding a new equilibrium—one with far fewer flights, higher prices, and unhappy people on both the side of the producers and that of the consumers. How to cite The Principle of Market Equilibrium, Essay examples

Includes Duty Not To Misuse The Position †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Includes Duty Not To Misuse The Position? Answer: Introduction This report is about ASIC vs Adler, 2002 case. In this case, an unsecured loan of $10 million was given by HIH casuality and general insurance ltd. to Pacific Eagle Equity private limited (PEE). The controller of PEE was Adler. Adler and Williams were the managing directors of HIH and HIHC and Fodera was the finance director of HIH. Adler was also a shareholder of HIH through the Adler Corporation Limited (Kourula, et al., 2017). This report explains in detail the tribunal decision of the court and the reasons behind this decision as per the corporation act. Courts tribunal decision The court gave the decision that Adler has breached various duties under the Corporation act, 2001. The duties breached by Adler includes duty not to misuse the position, duty not to use the information in improper manner, duty related to good faith, duties as a director, duty of care. For the breach of these duties, the court has given the decision to ban Adler to be appointed as a director of any company for at least 20 years and the other director William, was banned for 10 years. The court also imposed penalties on all of them and the amount of penalty was $450000 for Adler, $250000 for William, $450000 for Adler Corporation and $5000 for Fodera. In addition to this, the court has ordered that William, Adler and Adler Corporation were required to pay a sum of $7,986,402 as a compensation to HIHC (Bainbridge and Connor, 2016). Reasons behind this decision There are a number of reasons behind this decision. The first reason was inability of directors to perform their duties which means they have given the loan to PEE withount any legal documentation. Fodera as the finance director of HIH failed to perform his duties as he gave the loan of $10 million to PEE without any information to the board of HIH. As per this case, Adler had breached the duty to act with deligence by granting the loan to PEE and then using the amount for purchasing the shares of HIH (Peden, 2017). This was done by Adler to increases the prices of shares of HIH. This resulted in a total loss of investment to PEE. One more reason behind the decision was improper use of the position. In this case, Adler misued his powers because all the transactions whether they were related to granting of loan or buying and selling of HIH shares, these all transactions took place for the personal benefit of Adler. He misused his position to take personal benefit. Adler, Williams and Fodera breached the rule of business judgement. Business judgement means that the directors are required to make any decision related to the company with honesty and without thinking about their personal benefits but here in this case, the decision is taken by all the three directors for their personal benefits (Yoshikawa and Hu, 2017). Conclusion At last it is concluded that this loan was given by HIHC to PEE with an intention that PEE acquire the shares of HIH which was the holding company of HIHC. But because of this a material loss was suffered by HIHC and HIH. References Bainbridge, W. and Connor, T. (2016) Another Way Forward? The Scope for an Appellate Court to Reinterpret the Statutory Business Judgment Rule, COMPANY AND SECURITIES LAW JOURNAL, 34(6), pp.415-437. Kourula, A., Pisani, N. and Kolk, A. (2017) Corporate sustainability and inclusive development: highlights from international business and management research, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, pp.14-18. Peden, E. (2017) Civil and criminal liability of directors and officers of sporting clubs, Commercial Law Quarterly: The Journal of the Commercial Law Association of Australia, 31(1), p.12. Yoshikawa, T. and Hu, H.W. (2017) Organizational citizenship behaviors of directors: an integrated framework of director role-identity and boardroom structure, Journal of Business Ethics, 143(1), pp.99-109.

Whether It Was a Joy That Killed Louise Analysis of Kate Chopin’s the Story of an Hour Essay Example

Whether It Was a Joy That Killed Louise: Analysis of Kate Chopin’s the Story of an Hour Paper No doubt it is a big grief for a loving spouse to lose his or her loved one. And if someone told me a story about a woman who bewailed her deceased husband and then died of overwhelming happiness after she saw him safe and sound, I would definitely believe in reliability of this story. Especially, if I was told that the women had heart problems. It is known that not only a sorrow but and an excessive joy can cause a fatal heart attack. However, after reading Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour, I felt puzzled about doctors’ conclusion that Mrs. Mallard died â€Å"of joy that kills. So, was it really an overwhelming joy that Louise’s heart couldn’t bear? In her fictional tale Chopin describes the experience of Louise Mallard, a young woman with a heart trouble, immediately after receiving news of her husband’s death. All the events of the story take place within an hour in Louise’s home. The story begins by informing us that Louise’s hu sband, Brently Mallard, was killed in a railroad disaster. Knowing that Louise has a heart condition, her sister Josephine was hesitant about breaking the bad news to her. Unlike most women who find themselves in denial after being told something of this magnitude, Mrs. Mallard wept at once, went away to her room and locked the door. During Louise’s solitude in her room, Josephine was kneeling at the other side of the door begging for Louise to unlock and come out. Josephine was concerned that her sister was stressing herself and it would have negative effect on her heart. Eventually Louise opened the door and walked out with her sister toward the stairs. To everybody’s surprise, Brently Mallard walked through the front door alive and well which caused Mrs. Mallard’s heart attack and immediate death. While doctors and her family believed Louise had a heart attack because she was overjoyed, the details of the hour led me to conclude there was a different reason for Louise’s heart attack. When I read the story the first time nothing seemed unusual to me until 5-th paragraph. The fact that Mrs. Mallard reacted to her husband’s death with immediate grieving and â€Å"with sudden, wild abandonment†, unlike many women would react, did not make me think that there was something amiss with her. After all, each and every human being has an intense range of emotions that are neither right nor wrong – they simply belong to that particular individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Whether It Was a Joy That Killed Louise: Analysis of Kate Chopin’s the Story of an Hour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Whether It Was a Joy That Killed Louise: Analysis of Kate Chopin’s the Story of an Hour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Whether It Was a Joy That Killed Louise: Analysis of Kate Chopin’s the Story of an Hour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I also found nothing suspicious in Mrs. Mallard’s retreating to her room. Here, however, alone in the privacy of her room, was where the story made its twist, to my mind. I remember times in my personal life when overwhelming grief or shock seized me – nothing in the world looked right, certainly not happy or pleasant. While Mrs. Mallard was slouched in a chair her experience didn’t feel that tragic at all – her mood was rather peaceful and relaxed. A peaceful picture that Louise saw out of her window – â€Å"trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain †¦ sparrows †¦ patches of blue sky †¦Ã¢â‚¬  – was definitely not emblematic of grief. Those things told me that she was seeing her life as if having a new look. The author proceeds telling about a specific feeling that came over Mrs. Mallard and became greater as she expressed it through her body, mind, and her words. Louise’s pulse was beating faster and this actually relaxed her. She envisioned what her life was going to be like in the future now, when she was on her own, and all of the visions were of happiness and freedom. She whispered the words under her breath, â€Å"Free, free, free! in order to embrace the reality through the sound of her own voice. All of those descriptions suggested to me that Louise was very unhappy in her marriage and as a result she felt free and relieved that it was over. Though Mrs. Mallard came across a couple of moments indicated that she loved her husband and he was a kind man, but her lov e paled in comparison to â€Å"a monstrous joy† of her newfound freedom: â€Å"What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! Final details that strengthened my sense of the happy state of Louise’s soul were at the moment when she opened the door to her sister. Chopin writes that â€Å"there was a feverish triumph in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. † It seed to me clear that Louise felt as if the struggle of her life was over and she had won. After all of the Chopin’s eloquent descriptions it was so easy to conceive what feelings and thoughts rushed past joyful Louise at the moment when she saw her husband entering the front door safe and sound. All of her hopes and dreams about her happy future destroyed due to the fact she would be still a wife. Just as Josephine was wrong about what Louise was going through in her bedroom, the doctors were wrong by concluding that Mrs. Mallard died of â€Å"a joy that kills. † It was actual joy that Louise felt when she realized her husband was dead, and pain so great that killed her when Louise saw him walking through the door.

Plant Binomial System essays

Plant Binomial System essays Our planet has an unknown number of different plants living on it, which means that unless there is a way of providing each different plant with a unique name the potential for confusion and mistakes is huge. The common name of a plant may seem the most obvious name to apply to a plant however the common name can refer to several different plants depending on your location. As an example in the UK the woodbine is the common name for honeysuckle, whilst in the United States this common name refers to clematis, a completely different plant. This type of confusion does not only occur from one country to another but can occur between different regions of the same country. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus gave classification of animals, minerals and plants consistency and precision when he developed his binomial nomenclature system in 1753. The use of Latinised names in the binomial system was initially a result of Latin being a widely used written language amongst the educated people of the time. In modern times Latin is no longer a language in common use which has aided the worldwide use of the system as well as eradicating misinterpretation. The system that Carl Linnaeus began has undergone changes since its initial development as our understanding of how to differentiate one plant from another has grown. We now have the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which provides us with a universally acceptable system. The binomial system is so called because it consists of two words: the genus and species. When used together they create a unique name for the plant. The genus is the grouping of plants according to common characteristics and each genus can contain several species. The species refers to individual plants within the same genus that are capable of interbreeding. The binomial name for the potato is Solanum tuberos ...

Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay

Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay Discuss how childhood has changed since the 19th century. How do concepts from this period continue to influence current attitudes to childhood? Childhood, the early years of a person’s life, between birth to about 8 years, is also considered most beautiful, most meaningful and most important part of life for a human being. The importance of childhood can be understood by observing the fact that though many scientists have different theories to define the process of human development they all agree on the importance of childhood and experiences in that time having a profound affect on an individual’s life. Many researches have been made on the process of human development and tough there are many proposed theories the actual difference between them is about how complex the relation really is between the stages and not what the stages really are. The differences are intrinsic not extrinsic. They all agree that childhood is a time when a person is moving from concrete to abstract thought. Man did learn sciences such as astrology, numerology, mathematics etc but the concept of schooling was deficient. People only knew as much as was required to trade and earn a living. A study conducted on child development concluded that in the year 1750 about 33 percent of infants and new born babies were left on doorsteps or social care homes by parents.(Malcolm Watson) Poor children were also made to work in land mines and other industries by their parents to earn a living. Efforts to eradicate child labor have been made over centuries by the responsible government bodies in different countries and social welfare organizations in the world. But it seems that despite the changing perceptions towards childhood, statistical data proves otherwise. The commencement of specific child development theories and acknowledgment of these theories only date back to some 200 years ago, in the 17th and 18th century. An acclaimed name, in this regard is of Professor Malcolm W. Watson. He researched on Human Development and formed theories that are still studied and followed. Results of his findings emphasized on six major theories by different people in different times. These theories focus on different stages man goes through from infancy to adulthood. Details of how environment and other factors affect childhood are also underscored. The theories encompass effects and behavioral changes in man and what we opine about our own selves, be it scientists, researchers or a common man. Psychodynamic theory-Sigmund Freud(Mack Lemouse from healthguidance.org): This theory says that human psychology can be broken down in to three separate parts. These are namely â€Å"the id, the ego and the superego†. Id is the childish part of our personality and its driving force is food, warmth and appreciation and the sexual drive. This side of every being is then balanced by the other two parts i.e. ego and superego. The superego is contradictory to id. It is that pa rt of human personality which enables us to control one self. Through this one acts in a socially acceptable manner. The ego is some where in the middle of these two extremes. Most of our troubles arise from balancing between the id and the superego.

Health Information Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Information Technology - Assignment Example There are plenty of benefits of having EHR in HIT department including storage of vital information deemed important in health care. EHR may help in transforming healthcare into a digital technology considering that medicine is an information-rich enterprise thereby improving the way care is delivered and compensated. EHR may further help in improving quality and convenience of patient care as well as enhancing patient participation through storage, retrieval, analysis and data transfer throughout the entire HER infrastructure. Moreover, EHR greatly aids in improving the accuracy of diagnoses and health results as well as enhancing care coordination. Another benefit of EHR is the improvement of practitioners’ participation, increasing practice efficiencies and largely improves cost savings thus leading to better decisions and more coordinated care (Software Advice, 2014). More significantly, Medios helps in improved efficiency of healthcare insurance covers since the system ca n also be integrated with medical insurance covers as well. Privacy issues are among the challenges affecting EHR in many healthcare providers’ institutions. There are legal, ethical, and financial dilemmas amid opportunity for patients to receive improved coordinated care and making it easier for everyone to get much better informed about the patients’ hehealthcarePotential solutions regarding usability, quality and reliability may be more strict oversight of many aspects of the system such as clinical decision support. The best way to fix the challenges is by ensuring that health care providers take careful responsibility in maintaining the rights of patients’ privacy and data integrity and Federal regulations should be formed to curb public outcry about infringement on the right to privacy.

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law Essay

Forms of Business Organizations and Int'l Law - Essay Example Further, the death of either of the partners is enough reason to cause dissolution of the partnership regardless of whether the remaining partners resolve to continue or not. The fact that Raylan and Boyd had agreed orally to set up a partnership and share profits and expenses equally does not amount to an agreement in law because in absence of a written document containing provisions and guidelines about the partnership, the courts will apply the state law on partnerships (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (b)Party to be sued by Sassy Sauces if Justified BBQ refuses to pay at the time Raylan and Boyd are winding down the business The partnership will be the one to be sued by Sassy Sauces and bears full liability to pay for the supply of the BBQ sauce. A partnership is created expressly or implied by two or more people with a common understanding about capital input, sharing of profits and losses, efforts and labor as well as skills. Even with the implied agreement, decisions on t hird party transactions made by some partners without consent from the rest are binding on the partnership and not on the individual partners involved. In this case, Boyd entered into a third party transaction for the supply of BBQ sauce without the knowledge of Raylan. In spite of the contract price being overstated, the transaction was binding to the partnership and is viewed in the eyes of the law as though it was a consequence of a shared decision. Partners owe each other duty of care in regards to entering into irresponsible business transactions as Boyd did in order to get the attention of the receptionist in Sassy Sauces and they should hold in trust the property and profits of the partnership business. These fiduciary duties towards each other continue until the business is wound up completely (Bagley and Savage, 2010 chapter 20). (c)Responsibility for payment for the BBQ sauce if Justified BBQ was a corporation and went bankrupt The corporation would be the one to pay for t he BBQ sauce. In law, a corporation is a legal entity different from its owners and the liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount of investment in the corporation therefore the corporation carries the responsibility arising from actions of the shareholders and/or directors although the veil of incorporation may be pierced to determine the real owners and hold them personally liable. In the worst case scenario, Boyd as a shareholder would lose the amount of capital investment equivalent to the payment required by Sassy Sauces. Because ‘Justified BBQ’ has two owners only then it would most probably be a close or closely held corporation. If it as a close corporation in which case shareholders have an option in written agreement to run the day to day operations and not appoint directors, the actions of a shareholder (like Boyd in this case) would translate to personal liability because the veil of incorporation would ordinarily be lifted or pierced to establis h who are the real owners of the corporation involved in swindling the corporation of its resources and apportion the loss accordingly. In the case of a closely held corporation which is identifiable with lack of a market for its stock, greater responsibility is placed on the majority shareholders and the directors, in this case Ralyan. Boyd will still be held accountable for his actions because Ralyan did not a

Solar cells Essay Example for Free

Solar cells Essay I am trying to find out how the current changes with the area of the solar cells. THEORY The energy in light can be transformed into electricity when shone onto semiconductor materials. Silicon and germanium normally have electrons in low energy states. Absorption of light excites these electrons into higher states and generates a voltage (typically 0. 5 V per cell). As more light is absorbed, more electrons are excited and the current supplied increases. The energy of the photons transfer to electrons in the semiconductor. The energized electrons then break free for the silicon atoms and transfer them to an electric circuit. If we completely cover the top of a solar panel then, then photons cannot get through the conductor, and the current is lost. Internal Resistance (called series resistance) if this is high then this means high losses, to minimize the losses; the cell is covered by a metallic contact grid that shortens the distance that electrons have to travel. FAIR TESTING In this experiment I will only change 1 factor, which is the area of solar cell. I would have to change the card placements which I will use to cover the solar cell at the same measurements every time. I will change the length of the card each time from 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%. The following factors that are going to be kept constant are:- 1. The distance from the lamp to the solar cell if this is changed it will affect the number of photons hitting the solar cell for each reading. 2. The positioning of the lamp if this is changed; it could also affect the number of photons hitting the solar cell for each reading. The lamps must point at the solar panel only. 3. The time this, would have to be accurate i. e. not leave the solar panel under the lamp for too long or it could affect the temperature and the intensity of the light producing photons on the solar cell. The light source The intensity of the light source will be kept the same to prevent more or less photons hitting the solar cell for each reading. 5. The bulb watt this would have to be kept constant, i. e. if I use double the watt of the bulb that double the photons will hit the solar cell. 6. The card If this is change, than this could affect the number if photons which hit the solar cell. PREDICTION Using my scientific knowledge and preliminary research I predict as the percentage area uncovered increases; more photons will hit the semi conduct device, meaning more electrons will be released resulting in more electric current.

April Morning :: essays research papers

April Morning is a story about a boy’s extremely rapid transformation from boyhood to manhood. There are a few significant events that can sum up the whole of his metamorphosis. These include the death of Adam’s father, Adam’s time with Solomon Chandler, and his experience during the battle against the Recoat soldiers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a boy’s father dies, the impact of this can be very traumatic. When a death happens, a very large piece of one’s life dies with it. Adam Cooper’s father is a very important character in this novel. The presence of Adam’s father, Moses, shows how Adam is still a boy under the thumb of an adult, yet, when Moses is killed on the common, his absence propels Adam into a new phase of his life. At Moses Cooper’s death, the men of the village are lined up in formation on the common. Not one man in that group expected to fight the British. However, the British opened fire upon the column of villagers. The first to perish is Moses Cooper. Adam sees this, but he does not have time to mourn just yet. Adam runs from the common, away from the Redcoats, and to the first refuge he can find. The first shelter he finds is the smokehouse. It is at this point after the massacre on the common that Adam finally has time to think about what happen s. The reality finally sets in, and Adam lets out his emotions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solomon Chandler is also a very influential character in Adam’s development after his ordeal at the common. Solomon’s calm attitude and words of wisdom helped Adam cope with the pain from his father’s death. Solomon tells Adam to let out his emotions because that is normal. He also explains to Adam why he should have a deep sense of respect for his fears, which are the Redcoat soldiers, and the only way to overcome them is to face them. During the whole period of time when Adam and Solomon are walking through the countryside, Solomon acts as a shoulder for Adam to cry on. Solomon is also a temporary â€Å"replacement† for Adam’s father in that he acts as a father figure towards Adam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The large retaliation attack mounted by the colonists ended the immediate English threat in the region. Adam does not play a major role in the outcome of the battle, however the battle plays a major role in Adam’s development.

Winter Sonata as the pioneer of Hanryu

I agree that Winter Sonata is the pioneer of Henrys. Like the article describes, Winter Sonata contain different elements which catch the eyeballs of middle aged women. The ‘pure love' plots, the romantic and slow-paced scenes and the choice of actors blended and created a chemistry action which provide rooms for the audience to fantasize and envision themselves in the scenes of the drama. Winter Sonata not only fulfills the sensational needs of the middle aged women, but also fulfills their psychological needs.While they are enjoying the beautiful scenery in the television screen, at the same time they can be satisfied with their hidden desire, as the writer pointed out. I think this is the largest attraction to the audience, as the drama triggers their imagination. They can feel excited but comfortable when imagining their own stories in their safety zone, where they can forget the reality. Freshness is also an important element of Korean dramas that attracts Japanese. I thin k that this can be also applied to Hong Kong audience.As the plots and themes of local Hong Kong mainstream drama are always alike, audiences can easily predict the flow and ending of the dramas. While Hong Kong audiences are bored by the similar stories, Korea dramas provide them with different themes, scenes and cinematographic techniques, which can increase their interest in these foreign dramas. Besides freshness, the original Watching dramas' habit of Hong Kong people also help enhancing the import of Korean dramas to Hong Kong.Knowing that many Hong Kong audiences are addicted to dramas, paid television companies have set up many channels which are specially for playing different dramas day and night. Therefore, there are great demands for buying dramas from other countries, as there are not enough local drama productions to fulfill the request of different audiences. Teenagers build forums and groups for particular drama through internet in order to provide platforms for disc ussing and sharing with other audiences.However middle aged women seldom take the initiative to act like the teenagers, as they may not be good users of computer. But still, I think the avid middle aged women fans can give an impetus to promotion of Korean drama, by creating a frenzy of watching Korea drama day and night and discussing the content with their neighbor. The mania of diddle aged women rise the attention by the mass media successfully, which help Winter Sonata gain famous and increase the interest of other people to discover the fascination of it by watching this drama.The products related to Korea entertainment industry also help expanding the Henrys. The products like, photos, calendar and key chains of popular idols and props which were used in famous dramas were purchased by the fervent fans all over the world. Stores were set up in Monks in Hong Kong which were specialized in selling these Henrys products and Shin-Kobo in Japan become ‘a small Korean city, wh ich is famous for the Korean assistants and the stores selling idol products. These reflect that people in most of the East Asian countries are putting their focus on the Korean trend.Fans are pursuing fast and new idol products while merchandisers are finding the commercial potential in Korea entertainment industry in order to make profit. Henrys becomes more important in some of the people's living. Using Winter Sonata' as the example, the article brings out that the sweeping of Korean popular culture through East Asian countries can improve the inter-country relationships. The research pointed out that he perceptions of Korean by Japanese can be changed after watching a Korean drama, as they can know more about the recent Korea imperceptibly.Becoming more familiar with Korean things, they are more willing to take the initiative to learn more about Korea. For example, they search the Korea places where scenes of drama were took place through internet, and they plan their own trip to Korea, in order to collect first-hand information about Korea by their own experiences. Thus, the blank parts of Korean in Japanese's mind are replaced with different new and trendy Korean knowledge, which may learn from different Korean culture.The research also spotted that though the image of South Korea is growing more positive, there is no change on the perception to North Korea. Besides the negative news reported in Japanese media, I think the settings in South Korean drama may also contribute on imputing bad images of North Korea in Japanese mind. North Korea is often playing an evil- doer in most South Korea drama, for example in a popular drama ‘Iris', the secret organization which aim to destroy South Korea by nuclear weapon is started by North Korea government.By the exaggeration in mass media, Japanese have an even worse impression on North Korea. After reading this article, I think the soft power of South Korea give much contribution to her raising world status . Not only has she had flourishing Korean entertainment, her technology development on gadgets are also widely adopted in many countries, like Samsung products and mobile applications. All these Korean pop culture are penetrating through many countries by different forms, entering many people's daily life, thus building up favorable impression to other countries.Under the globalizes world, local culture can easily passed to other countries by internet or international companies. For example, Sys and Girl's Generation's music videos are always being played on the Samsung television in many electric appliance selling stores. Therefore, Korea popular culture is more exposed to the world and increases her acceptance by other countries. Undoubtedly, Henrys has improved the mutual understating between Korea and other countries, like increasing the mutual understanding between Japan and Korea.However, though South Korea now is having a great soft power, I think it can only influence other countries culturally and economically, but not politically. A good cultural relationship between two countries may not be able to improve the political relationship of them as well. Take the dispute on Tasmania between Japan and Korea, both countries are having normal cultural relationship, but when tackling conflict which affect their sovereignty and own interests, the advantage of having good cultural relationship is Just negligible. Both countries will defend their own interest and cultural relationship will not be under their consideration.

Surprises and difficulties

Life has always been filled with surprises and difficulties. Oftentimes, we are left to face these challenges alone. We then begin to think how much education has contributed much to the success of others. For this, I believe that my education as a young child has contributed much to who I am today. I believe that English was one of the many subjects that have helped shaped my future. At first, taking English classes served as a barrier at first, but then I have realized that the little things thought in English courses were important to one’s success.The course focused on topics, such as descriptive and narrative essays, comparing and contrasting, argumentations, and summarizations. I found the class to be well organized, with each subject planned carefully by the professors. I must admit that I was hesitant at first, for I thought that I would have a hard time learning the topics. I was wrong. It turned out to be relatively easy, although some topics were confusing. The prog ress I had with regards to learning the topics was surprising.I was able to learn how to express my feelings, emotions, and my opinions about things around me through writing. The use of different words was taught to us, which were clear descriptions of how we felt at a particular time. In addition to this, I have also learned how to be more confident about myself. I know at first, I found it difficult to neither stand in front of a big crowd, nor talk to people I was unfamiliar with.

Death Be Not Proud Essays

Death Be Not Proud Essays Death Be Not Proud Paper Death Be Not Proud Paper Harridans poem is completely opposite to Donnas as it tells the reader about his personal life ND the unfortunate passing of his Mother. Death be not Proud was written three hundred and fifty years ago and written in sonnet form, a traditional form of writing at that time. In Death be not Proud, Done personifies death, calling death thee and thou, this makes death seem less influential and demonstrates that Done Is not scared of death. Indeed, he challenges and threatens It by saying, In line four, Die not, poor death, nor yet cants thou kill me. Done compares death, a word which normally carries negative connotations, to sleep which Is a pleasant experience. By saying this, Done suggests inconsequently that death is an enjoyable experience. In lines five to six, it states From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow. Here, Done mocks death as even in the title, death be not proud, Done is saying that death should not be so full of itself and calls death a slave who lives with all sorts of atrocious things. He refers to death as poison, war and sickness. Done is not afraid to say the word death or die and this is shown by the fact that he repeats the word death several times to show he is not afraid of it. By contrast, in conversation, people often evade the word death, preferring to use phrases such as passed away because even mentioning the word death may scare them. This also links back to death and how It Is perceived with very negative connotations. Done has no fear of death because he believes In the afterlife (he was a religious man and believed that when people died they went to Heaven). His last line is very powerful, expressing Donnas belief that, through the afterlife, death is redundant (as in Heaven, no one dies). An example of this is in the penultimate and IANAL line where Done says One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more; death, thou shall die. The last line contains 10 monosyllabic words. This emphasis the iambic pentameter of the line and adds force and authority to the words. Iambic pentameter is heard by the reader as almost the repeated drumming of the heartbeat, which in turn symbolizes life, this contrasting image in a poem where death Is so widely used again emphasis Donnas message that death Is not final and that there Is hope against It. Death appears In the last line three times ND this repetition emphasis the message that Done Is conveying, and by stating the word death three times, Done Is using rhetoric In the form of triplet phrasing to further illustrate his message. Monetary to Dean De not Proud, Long Distance II Is a deeply personal poem Ana Tony Harrison uses the personal pronouns my and l to convey the message that he is talking about his life and his fathers personal grief. During the poem the word death is seldom used and it seems that here, the poet is portraying to the reader just how scared the father is to admit what has happened. Harrison tells how his father refused to believe that his mother had died and we are given a series of pitiable, depressing and futile rituals that the father went through. In lines 2-4, Harrison writes, Dad kept her slippers warming by the gas, put hot water bottles her side of the bed and still went to renew her transport pass. This demonstrates to the reader that the father is clearly in denial and he carries on as if his wife were still alive, pretending in his own mind that she has Just popped out to tea. Possibly the saddest feature of the poem is the fact that, although both Harrison and his father myself know that the father isnt coping very well, neither of them can bring themselves to talk about it. This exposes the inability of men (especially old, proud Yorkshire men like Harridans father) to speak openly about their feelings. Harridans father would see it as a sign of weakness to openly show his great sorrow and his still raw love to his son. The word raw is used to describe his love as an undressed wound and the pain is still constant. The poem is therefore painfully well observed and frustratingly honest. We feel very sorry for Harridans father and indeed for Harrison himself, who allowed his father to carry on the pretence without ever feeling able to help. His father is now dead, his phone number is disconnected and it is too late for Harrison to call. The final verse presents the reader with an antithetic juxtaposition. Harrison begins with stating that, l believe life ends with death, and that is all, (this contrasts to Done, as he doesnt believe in the afterlife). However, his actions do not support his statement, as although his parents are both dead, he still keeps their memory alive in his new black leather phone book, still calling heir disconnected number. Harridans behavior is hugely ironic, given the almost critical way in which he exposed his fathers frailties in the opening three verses, now, Just like his father; he is forced to mourn in secret, performing similarly pointless rituals as a mark of both his love and his private suffering. An example of this is found in lines 14-16; Mimi havent both gone shopping; Just the same, in my new black leather phone book theres your name and the disconnected number I still call. Although this is a far more modern poem than Donnas, it is still written in a airily traditional form. Like Donnas poem, the rhythm is iambic pentameter and forms of rhetoric such as rhyming couplets are used to emphasis the meaning of the words. Both poets talk about death and the effect that death has on individuals. In my view, John Donnas Death be not Proud is the better poem. In Death be not Proud, Done attacks death in a very hostile way, saying Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men. Done expresses his anger at death, saying that it is nothing and can be left down to chance. Donnas victory over death is concluded in the last nine of the poem where he says Death shall be no more; death, thou shall die.

German and Germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German and Germans class - Essay Example 308) this attack on a civilian ship severely tested Wilson’s resolve but America remained steadfastly opposed to joining the war until some 22 months later. The sinking of the Lusitania, and the ensuing diplomatic row about U-boat attacks on civilian and supply ships was, not, therefore sufficient reason to justify American entry into the war. One of the main reasons why America entered the war was to protect its own financial interests: â€Å"By September 1916 Britain was purchasing American goods at a rate of over $210 million per month, and France at $38 million per month. (Burk, 1985, p. 14). While Germany also had lucrative trade deals with the United States, it was nothing like at this level, and so America had to think about the possible impact on its own position if the British and their allies should finally lose the war. There would be no possibility in the short term for these colossal debts to be paid back, and this would be bound to have a detrimental effect on the American economy for decades to come. It made financial sense, and indeed it was regarded as a matter of urgent expediency, for America to make sure that the British were on the winning side in this brutal war, and so there were very sound financial reasons why America had to step in and make sure that this would be the final outcome of the war. A further factor must also be considered, and that is the so-called â€Å"Zimmerman note† or â€Å"Zimmermann telegram† which was a piece of diplomatic correspondence sent by German diplomat Zimmermann to the Mexican ambassador, offering territorial inducements for Mexico to join the war on the German side. The proposal was, that Mexico would distract America with a war on its doorstep, while Germans, assured of victory, would recompense Mexico for its efforts with lands taken from the southern states of America. The telegram was secretly decoded by the British

Job Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Job Application - Essay Example Since the job does not entail decision making, the resume instead exude enthusiasm in addition to education and skills that the job could provide practical experience to what I learn in school. The application for a Sales and Marketing Manager is different. The approach is more centered on my experience on how I exceeded my career objectives in addition to my initiative to think of ways that could contribute more to the employer’s bottom line. My educational background is deferred last because this is already given in this kind of position. What is highlighted instead is my capacity to produce result because this is what is important to employers. The language of the two resume also differs. In the application for a Sales and Marketing Manager, the tone is more self-assured to inspire confidence in the prospective employer that indeed I can meet marketing objectives. The application for Administrative Assistant is more enthusiastic and exudes willingness to learn for the prospective employer to have an impression that I am a good employee. This is to my express intention to apply for the post of an Administrative Staff of which you advertised Last Sunday in the newspaper. After going through the qualifications indicated in your advertisement, I believe I am more than qualified to assume the post. I have two years of college at Acme University taking up Business Administration. I have taken up subjects in Accounting and Human Resource making me familiar with costing and dealing employee relations. I am also proficient in preparing reports and is literate in Microsoft productivity tools such as MS Office, Excel, Powerpoint and MS Project. Should you find interest to discuss the details of my qualifications, I would be more than happy to come for an interview at your convenient time. My telephone number is 124-567-8900 and I can be reached between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. This is to express

Exectuive Branch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exectuive Branch - Research Paper Example The decision-making branch of the state level is headed by heads of states. All bureaucrats in the state executive level are answerable to the president, but in other cases, the executive level in different states are headed by governors The president in any state level has his own directives to carry out like being the commander in chief of the armed forces. This implies that the head of state is the only individual who can command the military wing of the forces. Secondly, the president has authority to select individuals or ministers to oversee the daily running of public institutions, like ministries and embassies (Ferguson, 2006). Functions of the State Executive Level The executive level has various functions to perform. They include overseeing and put into practice the work of their juniors, since they are mandated to see the overall running, and implementations of the laws. Secondly, the executive level makes sure that laws are followed to uphold their constitution and protec t their interest. It applies rules and orders in insuring that enactments are strictly followed. The laws enforced into enactment by the executive level involve the constitution laws signed and acknowledged by the executive head. Thirdly they have the responsibility to appoint the judicial officers like lawyers and state judges. Lastly, the executive has the mandate to appoint officials in a state subsection. The arm is in-charge of the of all key policy-making positions in state or government (Thorburn, 2008). The Authorizing Legislation of the State Executive Level Authorizing legislation can be used to describe the management process, and the instructions used to institute information sharing in any set of an institution. The legislation offers a structure for the enactment of laws and ideas in any set of a system. The executive, state level is guided by rules on the appointments of their officials. The authorizing legislation in any state government is the president or the gover nor. An excellent authorizing legislation has to meet the set standards like being timely in fulfilling vacancies in any state office. All the officials in the state institutions are appropriately expected to use the legislation act in occupying vacant positions inside an institute. Secondly the authorizing legislation should be considerate of an institution when making decisions pertaining to the appointments of officials in an institution. The authorizing legislation should entail the opus and qualifications for individuals who are to be appointed to occupy key positions in a state institution. Thirdly, the legislation act should plainly state the duties of the commission is selecting to aid in its operations. Lastly, the act should clearly state powers and limits of state officials in the handling of issues. The powers awarded to an individual are stated to avoid abuse (Thorburn, 2008). Structure of the Executive Federal Level The executive federal, level entails distribution of power among the state governments and other institutions like the national administration. The level is collected the office of the president, the managerial departments, the first lady and the independent agencies and committees (Ferguson, 2006). 1 The office of the president is regarded to be the uppermost bureau in the structure. It is composed of the president, the first lady, the vice president and the cabinet. The president

Assignment (primary research required) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assignment (primary research required) - Essay Example This report explores the application of theoretical concepts of small business management in particular the issues surrounding marketing aspects of small businesses and the strategies that need to be adopted with particular reference to the restaurant industry. A primary study was conducted involving a family restaurant. The purpose of the research was to explore how successful small business entrepreneurs apply theoretical concepts of small business management such as marketing to their businesses. The findings suggest indicate that marketing is perceived as a means to build customer awareness about the enterprises and offerings. It was also found that application of marketing thoughts and practices are useful for profitability of the firm, but are constrained by lack of resources. Contents Abstract ii Contents iii Table of Figures iv Photo credit iv Managing Small Business Marketing 1 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Significance 1 1.2 Aims and objectives 2 2. Literature Review 2 2.1 Definiti on of small business 3 2.2 Marketing and business orientation 3 2.3 Marketing mixes and approach to marketing 4 2.4 Customer acquisition in small businesses 5 2.5 Customer relationship management in small businesses 6 2.6 Summary of critical review 8 3. Primary Research 8 3.1 Interview with owner manager 9 3.2 Findings 11 4. Discussion 11 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 12 5.1 Recommendations 12 The researcher also recommends that further studies may be undertaken to reveal the difference in the levels of success of small businesses in terms market share and profitability caused due to implementation of marketing principles and techniques. 12 References 13 Table of Figures Figure 1: EU Classification of enterprises 3 Figure 2: Small businesses usually follow the bottom-up marketing approach 5 Figure 3: Observations from literature review 8 Photo credit Cover page photo: http://www.oxfordrestaurantguide.com/gees/ Managing Small Business Marketing 1. Introduction The small business sector is a major contributor to the economy in many parts of the world. In the year 2000 the sector in the UK comprised approximately 3.7 million small firms, majority of which were micro businesses, of which 66 per cent were either run solo or self-employed people (Fraser & Thompson, 2011). Twenty-five per cent of these had less than 10 employees. These figures are growing steadily. The UK government believes that â€Å"the health of the economy requires the birth of new enterprises in substantial numbers. We cannot assume that the ordinary working of market forces will necessarily preserve a small firm sector† (Fraser & Thompson, 2011, p. 29); and considers it to appropriate to intervene in proliferation of small business. There are however other reasons for phenomenal growth of small business as, (1) free market economy; (2) control by large firms; (3) spirit of individualism; (4) growth of IT; (5) growth of niche marketing; (6) growth in service sector; and (7) unemploym ent. 1.1 Significance In the UK small businesses contributed a significant 25 per cent of total private sector employment. Their combined turnover represented almost 20 per cent of the total turnover of the private sector. Small business firms employing fewer than 50 people accounted for 9.5 million jobs

Study on Phone Usage for Financial Services

Study on Phone Usage for Financial Services A STUDY ON USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE IN THE ACCESS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES AMONG RESIDENTS OF KANGUNDO CONSTITUENCY Background to the study The use of mobile has been taunted as the next big thing in the empowering of communities. ICT plays a big role in literally all spheres of life, and this explains why the government has supported laying of ICT infrastructure across the country. It is reported that Central Bank of Kenya’s enabling regulatory approach allows 23 million people (74% of adult population) to use mobile financial services via 90,000 agents (Alliance for Financial Inclusion, 2012, P.20). Expansion of the ICT sector has a direct contribution to a society’s access to information and subsequently empowerment. The use of mobile phone has revolutionized banking in the recent past, by netting the initially unbanked. Inventions in mobile phone have made tremendous contributions to financial services advancement. Banks have jostled to outsmart each other by launching varied mobile banking services, so are the mobile network operators. Such services by the banks are dependent on the platforms of existing mobile phone network operators. These services are accessed through USSD, WAP applications and internet banking. We have seen the emergence of mobile bank accounts such as M-benki (KCB), M-Shwari (CBA), M-Kesho (Equity Bank) and Pesa Mob (Family Bank). There have been partnership deals among these Banks and Mobile phone operators. Moreover, customers are able to access credit facilities through these mobile bank accounts as well as make loan payments. Other services in clude funds transfer, airtime top up, credit card payment, accessing mini-statements, balance enquiries and even stoppage of cheques. Agency Banking, which was meant to bring banking services closer to the customers equally relies heavily on the use of mobile phones. They include KCB Mtaani and Co-op Jirani. However, it is notable that there is a variation in usage of the mobile phone platform between urban and rural areas. We shall seek to know the trends in the usage of mobile phones to access financial services by residents of Kangundo Constituency. Statement of the problem This is a study to gauge whether residents of Kangundo constituency have embraced mobile phone technology to access financial services. Significance of study This study seeks to appreciate the use to technology to ease financial services accessibility. Traditional methods of visiting banks have long been overtaken by inventions in technology. Therefore this study will seek to explore whether the residents of this constituency have taken advantage of the more convenient financial services provision methods, as is now commonly known- paperless and Branchless banking. Access to banking services includes access to credit facilities which are a key catalyst for economic empowerment. The findings of this survey will prove useful to the constituents of Kangundo, financial services providers as well as mobile network operators. Purpose of the study This study seeks to: To establish the number of residents who own mobile phones To establish the number of residents who have registered for mobile phone services such as Mpesa, Airtel Money, Yu Cash and Orange Cash To establish the number of residents who have opened mobile bank accounts To establish applications used to access mobile banking services: USSD, WAP, Internet banking To establish the usage of bank agents in access of financial services To establish demographic trends in access of Banking services (Age, sex, education, employment status) Definition of concepts USSD- Unstructured Supplementary Service Data WAP Wireless Application Protocol Unbanked By definition, unbanked customers have no checking, savings, credit, or insurance account with a traditional, regulated depository institution (Delloitte, 2012, p.2) Literature Review The government recognizes ICT as a foundation for economic development, and as such, Kenya’s vision of knowledge based economy aims at shifting the current industrial development path towards innovation where creation, adoption, adaptation and use of knowledge remain the key source of economic growth as this is a critical tool for expanding human skills and rests largely on a system of producing, distributing and utilizing information and knowledge that in turn plays a great role in driving productivity and economic prosperity (Government of Kenya, 2013, p.21). One of such ICT tools is the mobile phones which continue to offer a myriad of opportunities, specifically on the financial sphere. To leverage on the above, the Government bets on the increase in communication to spur economic growth in tandem with the vision 2030 blueprint. As Watts, 2001 observes, ‘’some clients may prefer to access services at a distance. Increasingly, in all fields, consumers want a service to be available when they identify a need for it, with minimum delay and minimum effort: they want it here, and they want it now’’ (p6). The urge to access services with urgency and at a minimum cost is making more people gravitate towards technologically based products that are available through the mobile phone. The use of this gadget has simplified life and as such transactions can comfortably be initiated and terminated at one’s convenience. Further, it is notable that the settlement of these transactions is instant. ICT increase efficiency, productivity, and access to goods, services, information, and markets. Demand for these benefits is high. If the right compliments- such as power, connectivity, content, skills and support systems, functional markets and supportive policy frameworks- can be put in place, demand for ICT will be correspondingly high (William J. Kramer, Beth Jenkins, Robert s. Katz, 2007, p.9). With Kangundo being a rural area, we shall then be interested in knowing how the use of mobile phone has impacted on its residents, and whether they have taken full advantage of this revolutionary tool that continue to transform lives across the globe. Mobile phones have characterized the everyday life of Kenyans. Cheap Chinese phones have found their way in the market and this has eased the affordability of this ICT tool. Mobile ownership at the household level is almost as high as access. Approximately 75% of the households have at least a member who owns a mobile phone. In rural areas, ownership is 67% while in urban areas ownership reaches 90% (CCK, 2011, p.13). It is essential for banks to sensitize on mobile banking and ensure that customers maximize its use bearing in mind the capital invested (Korir, 2012, p.43). Information is power and banks have a role to play if they are to penetrate and crack open the mobile banking market. Banks will rely much on studies to inform their decisions on the best way to tap in to this market. The government has indeed been on the forefront by championing for ease of access of banking services to all citizens. Branchless banking through retail agents is made possible through the information and communication technologies that customers, retail agents and mobile network operators use to record and communicate transaction details quickly, reliably and cheaply over great distances. Among the first mobile network operators in the world to offer branchless banking were Globe Telecom and SMART in the Philippines. They launched their SmartMoney service in 2000 (in conjunction with Banco de Oro) followed by the G-Cash1 service in 2000. Customers can store cash, send funds from person to person, pay bills, make loan repayments and purchase goods at shops. They primarily use G-cash to buy airtime and to send money to friends and family (Financial Sector Deepening, 2009a, p1) Mobile banking represents a more cost efficient channel for the banks, allowing them to charge less for transactions, and permitting the consumer to have immediate access to information related to their bank accounts.P.3. Worldwide, more people now own a mobile phone than a bank account. A revolution in mobile phone payments is taking place. The way mobile devices are evolving makes it difficult for banks to find the right solution to manage complex technologies and provide a consistent service to customers. http://www.cr2.com/solutions/mobile-banking/mobile-banking-solution.html Alliance for financial inclusion. A High Level Conference on Kenya’s Economic Successes, Prospects and Challenges Making Inclusive Growth a Reality September 2013 Central Bank of Kenya’s enabling regulatory approach allows 23 million people (74% of adult population) to use mobile financial services via 90,000 agents. Pg 20 References Alliance for Financial Inclusion. 2013. A High Level Conference on Kenya’s Economic Successes, Prospects and Challenges Making Inclusive Growth a Reality. Retrieved on February 22, 2014 from Delloitte. (2012). Banking the Unbanked: Prepaid Cards, Mobile payments, and Global opportunities in Mobile Banking. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from https://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomunitedStates/Local%20Assets /Documents /FSI/US_FSI_Bankingtheunbanked_043012.pdf

abraham lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809, to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks. Thomas had been apprenticed as a carpenter after the death of his father and the passing of the family property to his eldest brother as required under the system of primogeniture. Thorough dint of hard work or with funds from his family, Thomas acquired enough money to purchase a farm, but his ownership was soon challenged. Kentucky had been surveyed in such a primitive manner that boundaries were never certain. After having the titles of two other farm parcels challenged, Thomas tired of Kentucky and in 1816 moved his family to southern Indiana. The federal government had surveyed Indiana in a manner that insured sound titles. Abraham Lincoln later explained his father's move as "partly on account of slavery; but chiefly on account of the difficulty in land titles." If distaste for slavery motivated Thomas Lincoln to leave Kentucky, it was probably anger at the in fluence of the planter class rather than concern for the lot of the slaves, as Thomas never expressed any moral qualms about the institution. The Lincoln family's problems in Kentucky were not atypical for frontier settlers. Traditionally, the frontier has been portrayed as an agrarian idyll, a vision of sturdy and prosperous yeomen farmers serving as a bulwark of democracy. In fact, the frontier provided as many opportunities for failure as for success. Settlers were plagued by sickness and dea...

Sauses of religious crises in nigeria Essay

This essay is an attempt at identifying the remote and immediate causes of the incessant religious crises in northern towns and cities, if you’d rather the so-called middle belt political zone of the north. In expressing this view, there is no intention on my part to mock the bones of those who died so long ago and who tried, however ineffectually, to lead their people. The thrust of this piece is that the nuisance of religious crises in the North is essentially a result of the manipulation of religion to score political goals: using religion to confuse or destabilize; which set the stage for what we experienced time and again: series of violent provocations, reactions and counter reactions; all in the name of religion. This manipulation of religion is orchestrated and masterminded by selfish elements within the so-called elite class of both the Islamic and Christian religions, herein referred to simply as the manipulators. The motive for the manipulation of religion is a self centred one, a means through which selfish politicians seek to attain undue political leverage in an otherwise politically competitive level playing field. The reason for this is, in the words of the late Dr. Yusufu Bala Usman â€Å"to enable this class (the manipulators) to cover themselves with religious and ethnic disguises in order to further entrench division among our people (and) slow down their awakening at any cost.† This is because any single one of them (the manipulators) â€Å"cannot appear as what he really is in the political economy of Nigeria. He has to find a cover. He cannot claim political leadership openly on the grounds that he is, or wants to be, an exporter-importer, a contractor (etcetera)†¦ he has to take cover as a Muslim or Christian †¦ the manipulation of religion in Nigeria today is essentially a means of creating the context for this fancy-dress ball, for this charade of disguises.† (See Dr. Y. B. Usman’s The Manipulation of Religion in Nigeria 1977-1987). Ever wonder why religious crises in Nigeria are essentially a northern affair? Kafanchan, Zangon-Kataf, Tafawa-Balewa, Yelwan-Shendam, Jos, Kaduna, Bauchi etcetera; in most places it happened more than once. Between 1804 and 1812, an Islamic state, what we now referred to as the Sokoto Caliphate was established as a bye-product of the Islamic reform movement started by Shehu Usmanu Danfodio in Hausaland at about 1774. The Sokoto Caliphate comprised of a large chunk of pre-colonial Hausaland: Kano, Katsina, Gobir and Zazzau; Western flank of the pre-colonial Borno before the Shehus of Kukawa: Hadejia, Gumel, Kazaure, Katagum, Misau and Gombe; Benue valley and the Bauchi Plateau, including the present Jos Plateau; Nupe and Ilorin emirates. The Sokoto Caliphate was regarded as a bye-product of the Islamic reform movement because Shehu Danfodio did not set out to conquer lands and territories, but rather to call, as Sheikh Abdullahi Fodio wrote in Tazyin al-Waraqat â€Å"to the revival of Faith, and Islam, and good works, and to abandon customs contrary to them.† Following the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, the successors of the Shehu and the flag bearers failed to sustain the spirit of the Islamic reform movement; rather they were so much after the luxury of life and the delights of power. As Sheikh Abdullahi Fodio lamented in Tazyin al-Waraqat â€Å" I am left in the midst of liars and hypocrites who say one thing and do entirely another, people who do not value knowledge and its pursuit†¦ people whose preoccupation is attainment of political power for the procurement of sensual comfort through concubines, flutist, gorgeous clothing and brisk horses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Having derailed from the path concretely mapped out by Shehu Danfodio, the successors of Shehu and the flag-bearers found it more convenient to subjugate and exploit both the non Muslim Hausas (Maguzawa) and the several hundred animist minority tribes and ethnic groups within their domain than to call them to the Islamic faith. For one hundred years, these non Muslim communities were fit only to serve the Caliphate as major suppliers of slaves, concubines, food and raw materials. In 1903 the Caliphate was overthrown by the British. When the Whiteman came with the Christian religion to this doomed people, a marriage of convenience was inevitable: he offered them hope; they accepted his religion. The rest is history. In my article titled Nigeria: Washing Our Dirty Linen in Public published by Gamji in 2007, I described the features of northern Nigerian Christianity when I wrote: The Northern Nigeria brand of Christianity is, probably, the most politicised version of Christianity on the surface of today’s earth. Christianity in the North has a distinct meaning and flavour from anywhere else. In the North, Christianity is, more or less, a political banner, movement or platform upon which all non-Muslim ethnic Northerners flock in opposition to what they perceived as Hausa and Fulani led oppression, both real and imagine. This northern Christian mindset is clear if one look at what the average northern Christian consider the political (read: Christian) Middle belt as distinct from the geographical Middle belt. The average southern Christian, until very recently, views issues with the Hausa and Fulani led north essentially in regional and tribal terms. The Northern Christian reduces all issues, social, political and even economic, within the North simply to Islam v. Christianity. Islam is viewed as the symbol of Hausa and Fulani corrupt power and materialism which must be fought at all cost. Some church leaders indicate to their followers that the secret of their wretchedness can be explained in the prosperity of the other side. This set the background for the fear of the other side. How easily fear leads to distrust, to hatred, to dehumanisation and, to death. Which way out of this quagmire? Manipulation is the root cause of all these crises. â€Å"Manipulation† wrote Dr. Y. B. Usman â€Å"means essentially controlling the action of a person or group without that person or group knowing the goals, purpose and method of that control and without even being aware that a form of control is being exercised on them at all†. From the foregoing it is clear that the manipulators succeeded in manipulating the people because the people are not aware of being manipulated. The corollary to this premise is that the people will not accept to be manipulated if they are conscious and aware enough to see through the manipulators’ lies. The one million dollars question then is: How do we equip the people with the tools necessary for them to be not only conscious and aware of the manipulators tricks, but also to be able to effectively resist them? Dear concerned Reader, let us brainstorm to come-up with an answer to this question. This I believe, will be a right step in the right direction towards finding a lasting solution to this nuisance of incessant religious crises in our dear country.

The Natural of Semantic Change

SEMANTICS THE NATURE OF SEMANTIC CHANGE Presented by group 9: Riva Nugraha Jiwa 0910733154 Alfi Nurhidayati 1010731008 Nadia Turrahmi 1010732014 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES ANDALAS UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION 70 years ago, Edward Sapir introduced a new concept of linguistics. He said that language moved on every time and then created their own forms and never static. Every word, every grammatical element, proverbs, sounds and accents configured which was changed slowly and this was the ways how a language could long lasting.This concept of language made the other linguists interested. The change of meaning could happen because of some reasons, according to Millet a meaning could change easily because of the discontinuous from one generation to the other generations, the blur of meaning, the lost of motivation, the appearance of polysemy, there are some ambiguous contexts, vocabulary structures, and so on. The nature of semantic change can be divided into some categories, met aphor, metonymy, popular etymology, ellipsis, and also some consequences change of meaning. SEMANTIC CHANGE A.The nature of semantic change Aksioma Leibniz said â€Å"natura non facit saltus† that means the nature changed indirectly and slowly, this sentence also can we applied in change of meaning. Every changing had their each reason and always related and associated from the old meaning into the new meaning. One of semantics tradition looks up meaning as â€Å"the interrelationship between name and meaning†. So, we can conclude that change of meaning divide into two types: change of meaning based on association of meaning-meaning, and also name-name. Every type can be differs into similarity ad contiguity. . Metaphor Metaphor is important in language because it can make them more creative and aesthetics, it is common in literary field such as poem. Metaphor has some functions in everyday life, there are as the motivation, expression ways, as the source of synonym an d polysemy, to fill the blank in vocabulary, and the way to express the emotion, etc. The structure of metaphor is simple, it always said one thing is another thing. It does not use the word as, like, and comparative words and other, this case make the reader try to find the similarities.For example: a) Her home is a prison, in this case her home have same characteristic of prison, we can imagine that she can’t leave her home, she tapped inside, and maybe afraid of the outside. b) The police man let him off by a yellow card, in this sentence ‘yellow card’ refers to warning, the original sense is in soccer player a yellow card that the referee shows to the player when cautioning them and give the second chance to introspect themselves. c) in Indonesian language we can take the example Gonzales menanduk bola, we know that Gonzales is a human and he did the work which is did by an animal buffalo.In this case, menanduk have same meaning with the other, because it ref ers to an action using a head, in human we call menyundul and in buffalo we cal menanduk. * Anthropomorphic metaphor The person who is interested toward this kind of metaphor is Giambattista Vico, he said that in every language the most part of expression refer to inanimate, compared by transferring from any part of body, sense, and also the emotion of human being. For example: a) in Indonesian language: jantung kota, bahu jalan, mulut sungai, etc. b) in English language muscle comes from Latin language musculus that means ‘little mouse’. Animal metaphor This category applied for animal or inanimate types, many plants using animal’s name to call them. For example: a) lidah buaya, kumis kucing, jambu monyet, etc. b) in English there are some plants with animal’s name goat’s-beard and dog’s tail. Beside that, there are animal’s name transferred into human being for describe humor, irony, and other. For example: si beo, the speaker use th is word toward the other because they have same characteristic or their action refer to the animal itself. * From concrete to abstractOne of the tendency in metaphor is explaining the abstract into the concrete, when we try to find the abstract word at first we must know the concrete one. For example in English light ‘sinar, cahaya, lampu’ which is concrete, when this word close to the other morpheme they sometimes become abstract like highlights ‘menyoroti’. If it compares to Indonesian language the condition is same, for example the concrete one is ‘sinar, cahaya’, it become abstract metaphor in sorot mata, hidupnya sedang bersinar, ajarannya menyinari dunia, harta yang menyilaukan, and so on. Synaesthetic metaphor This metaphor based on the transferred of one sense to the other sense, for example from sense of hearing to sight, from touch to sound, etc. If we talk about the sound which is warm and cool, we can see that there are the similari ties between temperatures with the kind of sounds. The structure of metaphor begin in literary works when the raising of symbolism era. We can see from one of Shakespeare’s work: I see a voice; now will I to the chink To spy an I can hear my Thisby’s face 2. MetonymyMetonymy involves some sort of connection between concepts, but in this case there is no similarity between them, but they are closely linked in some other way. Metonymy can divide into the association they based on. First, metonymy transfer based on spaces and places. The change of meaning the Latin word coxa ‘pinggul’ into France language cuisse ‘pupu;paha’ it explained that pinggul and paha is our part of body which is close and do not have correct constraint. Second, metonymy transfer based on time or temporal.The name of action or event can be transferred into something that predate and follow the change. For example, in English, ‘collation’ now defined into diffe rent meaning ‘perbandingan’ and ‘makanan ringan’ where as both of them are relates. Previously, in Catholic ceremony the reading from Collationes Patrum by Cassian usually read before the end of mass, it followed by snack which called collation because the snack related with the reading. So, the name of book followed by the snack that also consume in the close time in mass period.Third, the relation can create the change of metonymy, there are some part that is important but sometime it divide into own category, or we can call it pars pro toto. For example in Indonesia, ‘pasukan baju kuning’ it refers to the group who clean up the road. And the last metonymy is simple and famous because we don’t need the worst and crucial speech. We know that most of the founder named something which they found by their name. For example, the terminology in electricity ampere, volt, ohm named by the founder Andre Ampere, Count Allessandro Volta, and Geor g Simon Ohm. . Popular Etymology Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies the origin and development of words and other linguistic forms. The examples of the areas that are studied include the earliest origins of a word, how its meanings and connotations have changed, the meanings and origins of its component parts, whether or how it has spread to other languages, and how its meaning or use has been influenced by other words. The history of a word also is called its etymology.For example, France language forain become English foreign which come from Latin foranus, one of derivative from Latin foris ‘tidak dengan; ke luar negeri; the nature meaning is the foreign as we used in English. 4. Ellipsis Words which often occur side by side are act to have a semantic influence on each other. We have already sees an example of this in the history of negation in French. The commonest form which this influence takes in ellipsis. In a set phrase made up of two words, one of the se it omitted and its meaning it transferred to its partner.For example, in Jakarta’s dialect ‘tidak tahu’, sometimes just utter in ‘tahu’. B. The consequences of the change of meaning * The change in the area of meaning Many older writer divide change of meaning in three categories, there are: extension, restriction, and the last that do not grouped into both of them. The division can called as â€Å"logical division† they also has some weaknesses, although the division is simple and easy. The division does not give clearly describing about the formal form in causes or the background how it can be changed.And then, the third division just grouped because can’t let in first and second division. Truthfully the basic is the meaning become wide or narrow and continuously by the time. 1). Restriction This change make the meaning of certain word become restrict and the intense become more variable. For example, English ‘poison’ means racun, first the word come from ‘potion’ that means ‘beer’ because beer can damage our body and sometimes make somebody die. Later poison just use to refer the drink that can make somebody die, not to all of beer. 2). ExtensionIn extension meaning, the word can be applied in large contexts by following the time the intense become weaker and something that referred become smaller. For example, arriver in France and arrive in English, this word come from Latin arripare, it become ripa ‘tepi sungai; pantai’ because it refers to the coming of someone. * The changes in evaluation: pejorative and ameliorative 1). Pejorative The change caused the word become lower or negative than before, for example: ‘perempuan’ come from ‘empu’ that means ‘ibu jari’ it should be has higher meaning.But nowadays, ‘perempuan’ is lower if compare to ‘wanita’. 2). Ameliorative The change caused the wo rd become higher and positive than before, for example: ‘minister’ at first define as ‘minus or slave’ but nowadays the meaning become higher into ‘the person who stayed in governmental system. CONCLUSION The Nature of Semantic Change, there is must always be some connection, some association between the old and the new meaning, association is the necessary condition of semantic change.Meaning is determined by three factors: the objective reference (the referent), the subjective apprehension (the subject, i. e. the speaker or the hearer) and the traditional range (the word). Any change has as its immediate cause a change in one of these three relations. Types of semantic change: Similarity of the senses (metaphor), Contiguity of the senses (metonymy), Similarity of the names (folk etymology), Contiguity of the names (ellipsis), all of these types is changes that occur with time. Reference: * Ullman, Stephen. 2011. Pengantar Semantik. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta

Free Essays on African American Entrepreneurship

African-American Entrepreneurship In a comparative light, there seems to be significant problems, or obstacles, for African American entrepreneurs. These problems are categorized by environmental factors, and issues related to capital. There is an effort to trace the development of African American entrepreneurship throughout American history, in the post reconstruction era to the present, in relationship to social conditions of discrimination. Uniquely, African American entrepreneurs are involved in the affirmation of a paradox of American ideology. African American entrepreneurs, in pursuit of the American dream, have been taught to stress individual success where what is needed is communal solidarity to foster access to the things that they have been categorically denied. A high concentration of African American entrepreneurs are focused in the service economy. Although these jobs provide viable service and profit for many individuals, they are not high-profit occupations. This accounts for an African American ent repreneurship without a high market share. The reasoning for this can partially be explained by the Great Migration, a period lasting from 1900-1930, in which millions of African Americans migrated from the south to northern cities. Upon arrival in the north, African Americans faced entrepreneurial opportunities and already established European communities. With the arrival of these masses of African Americans came radical changes in the moderate status of race relations in the north. In Cleveland, the influx of African Americans prompted white fears over residential encroachment and occupational competition, resulting in a sharp rise in racial tension and and increase in institutional discrimination. This caused a transformation in the services that already existing African American entrepreneurs were providing. The newly racialized environment now regulated African American businesses to servicing only African Americans... Free Essays on African American Entrepreneurship Free Essays on African American Entrepreneurship African-American Entrepreneurship In a comparative light, there seems to be significant problems, or obstacles, for African American entrepreneurs. These problems are categorized by environmental factors, and issues related to capital. There is an effort to trace the development of African American entrepreneurship throughout American history, in the post reconstruction era to the present, in relationship to social conditions of discrimination. Uniquely, African American entrepreneurs are involved in the affirmation of a paradox of American ideology. African American entrepreneurs, in pursuit of the American dream, have been taught to stress individual success where what is needed is communal solidarity to foster access to the things that they have been categorically denied. A high concentration of African American entrepreneurs are focused in the service economy. Although these jobs provide viable service and profit for many individuals, they are not high-profit occupations. This accounts for an African American ent repreneurship without a high market share. The reasoning for this can partially be explained by the Great Migration, a period lasting from 1900-1930, in which millions of African Americans migrated from the south to northern cities. Upon arrival in the north, African Americans faced entrepreneurial opportunities and already established European communities. With the arrival of these masses of African Americans came radical changes in the moderate status of race relations in the north. In Cleveland, the influx of African Americans prompted white fears over residential encroachment and occupational competition, resulting in a sharp rise in racial tension and and increase in institutional discrimination. This caused a transformation in the services that already existing African American entrepreneurs were providing. The newly racialized environment now regulated African American businesses to servicing only African Americans...

Solar Energy Essays - Energy Conversion, Renewable Energy

Solar Energy Essays - Energy Conversion, Renewable Energy Solar Energy Tran 1 Solar Energy About 47 percent of the energy that the sun releases to the earth actually reaches the ground. About a third is reflected directly back into space by the atmosphere. The time in which solar energy is available, is also the time we least need it least - daytime. Because the sun's energy cannot be stored for use another time, we need to convert the suns energy into an energy that can be stored. One possible method of storing solar energy is by heating water that can be insulated. The water is heated by passing it through hollow panels. Black-coated steal plates are used because dark colors absorb heat more efficiently. However, this method only supplies enough energy for activities such as washing and bathing. The solar panels generate low grade heat, that is, they generate low temperatures for the amount of heat needed in a day. In order to generate high grade heat, intense enough to convert water into high-pressure steam which can then be used to turn electric generators there must be another method. The concentrated beams of sunlight are collected in a device called a solar furnace, which acts on the same principles as a large magnifying glass. The solar furnace takes the sunlight from a large area and by the use of lenses and mirrors can focus the light into a very small area. Very elaborate solar furnaces have machines that angle the mirrors and lenses to the sun all day. This system can provide sizable amounts of electricity and create extremely high temperatures of over 6000 degrees Fahrenheit. Solar energy generators are very clean, little waste is emitted from the generators into the environment. The use of coal, oil and gasoline is a constant drain, economically and environmentally. Will solar energy be the wave of the future? Could the worlds Tran 2 requirement of energy be fulfilled by the powerhouse of our galaxy - the sun? Automobiles in the future will probably run on solar energy, and houses will have solar heaters. Solar cells today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most common elements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the first types to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They do not pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful waste products. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather and unlike solar heaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do their job silently and there are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonder that one marvels on how such a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back to some basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electrons orbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. Each electron carries one negative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there are protons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons have discrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but in insulators and semiconductors there is an energy gap, in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outer conduction band [Book 1]. Valence electrons help to bind together the atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nuclei, while conduction electrons, being less closely bound to the nuclei, are free to move in response to an applied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are, the higher the electrical resistively of the material. Tran 3 In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, the energy gap E.g. is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valence band can easily be made to jump to the conduction band by the injection of energy, either in the form of heat or light [Book 4]. This explains why the high resistively of semiconductors decreases as the temperature is raised or the material illuminated. The excitation of valence electrons to the conduction band is best accomplished when the semiconductor is in the crystalline state, i.e. when the atoms are arranged in a precise geometrical formation or lattice. At room temperature and low illumination, pure or so-called intrinsic semiconductors have a high resistively. But the